Model
Aurora (IFS init)
aurora_ifs
source aiwp · product AURO · initial conditions from IFS · steps every 6 h to 240 h · initializations 0, 12 UTC. Scores use the latest model version segment, AURO_v100, starting 2026-01-01. Earlier days ran a different version of the model and are excluded rather than silently pooled into the same average.
Instantaneous temperature — MAE °F by stationt2
Scored against the observed 2 m temperature at the same instant (ASOS routine METAR). This is the headline variable: the same four instants on the forecast and the observation side. These pages are always bilinear interpolation, the headline method. The nearest-node variant, and every other window/initialization/interpolation/variable combination, is published on each permanent link below — follow any number.
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 2.93−2.79 · n=29 | 2.54−2.26 · n=29 | 2.37−2.00 · n=29 | 2.59−1.52 · n=29 | 2.54−0.95 · n=29 | 2.50−0.09 · n=29 | 2.95+0.80 · n=29 | 3.59+1.38 · n=29 | 4.51+1.63 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 3.59−0.93 · n=29 | 3.72−1.12 · n=29 | 3.75−1.07 · n=29 | 3.85−0.78 · n=29 | 4.09−0.38 · n=29 | 4.23+0.16 · n=29 | 4.88+0.75 · n=29 | 5.29+0.94 · n=29 | 5.45+1.08 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 2.16−1.91 · n=28 | 2.17−1.60 · n=28 | 2.48−1.55 · n=28 | 2.31−0.92 · n=28 | 2.77−1.07 · n=28 | 3.36−0.71 · n=28 | 3.93+0.53 · n=28 | 4.90+1.17 · n=28 | 5.53+1.11 · n=28 | |
| KDCA | — | 2.49−2.34 · n=29 | 2.26−1.90 · n=29 | 2.33−1.88 · n=29 | 2.44−1.66 · n=29 | 2.73−1.40 · n=29 | 3.12−0.96 · n=29 | 3.64+0.16 · n=29 | 4.25+0.72 · n=29 | 5.26+0.94 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 2.12−1.02 · n=29 | 2.35−1.15 · n=29 | 2.74−1.37 · n=29 | 3.37−1.85 · n=29 | 4.24−1.93 · n=29 | 4.86−1.99 · n=29 | 5.35−1.90 · n=29 | 6.19−1.89 · n=29 | 6.72−1.90 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 2.88−2.72 · n=29 | 3.19−2.96 · n=29 | 3.28−2.97 · n=29 | 3.44−2.54 · n=29 | 3.48−2.18 · n=29 | 3.51−1.70 · n=29 | 3.98−1.38 · n=29 | 4.42−1.14 · n=29 | 4.57−0.89 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 2.27−1.62 · n=29 | 2.19−1.33 · n=29 | 2.39−1.24 · n=29 | 2.52−0.98 · n=29 | 2.77−0.87 · n=29 | 3.15−0.50 · n=29 | 3.96+0.76 · n=29 | 4.72+1.42 · n=29 | 5.60+1.64 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 2.73−1.90 · n=29 | 2.80−2.02 · n=29 | 3.02−2.02 · n=29 | 3.10−1.98 · n=29 | 3.36−1.64 · n=29 | 3.48−1.10 · n=29 | 3.80−0.54 · n=29 | 4.05−0.30 · n=29 | 4.33−0.19 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 2.76−2.52 · n=29 | 2.56−2.29 · n=29 | 2.60−2.14 · n=29 | 2.81−2.25 · n=29 | 2.90−2.05 · n=29 | 3.41−1.43 · n=29 | 3.56−0.68 · n=29 | 3.59−0.08 · n=29 | 3.90+0.52 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 2.68−2.21 · n=29 | 3.13−2.76 · n=29 | 3.51−3.17 · n=29 | 3.88−3.55 · n=29 | 4.14−3.72 · n=29 | 4.22−3.66 · n=29 | 4.53−3.56 · n=29 | 5.10−3.52 · n=29 | 5.31−3.39 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 1.83−1.34 · n=29 | 1.94−1.40 · n=29 | 2.11−1.49 · n=29 | 2.26−1.44 · n=29 | 2.33−1.34 · n=29 | 2.28−1.24 · n=29 | 2.31−1.07 · n=29 | 2.38−0.94 · n=29 | 2.45−0.84 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 2.66−2.04 · n=29 | 2.51−1.57 · n=29 | 2.80−1.18 · n=29 | 3.03−1.61 · n=29 | 3.56−1.98 · n=29 | 4.26−2.00 · n=29 | 5.27−2.12 · n=29 | 6.04−2.12 · n=29 | 6.25−2.08 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 2.42−1.20 · n=29 | 2.44−1.05 · n=29 | 2.54−1.16 · n=29 | 2.53−0.99 · n=29 | 2.68−0.48 · n=29 | 3.14+0.34 · n=29 | 3.49+1.05 · n=29 | 3.98+1.42 · n=29 | 4.17+1.64 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 1.75−0.71 · n=28 | 1.64−0.41 · n=28 | 1.73−0.29 · n=28 | 2.04+0.00 · n=28 | 2.43+0.05 · n=28 | 2.69+0.42 · n=28 | 3.58+1.70 · n=28 | 4.41+2.42 · n=28 | 5.45+2.63 · n=28 | |
| KOKC | — | 2.82+0.31 · n=29 | 2.98−0.22 · n=29 | 2.99−0.21 · n=29 | 2.91+0.02 · n=29 | 3.16+0.31 · n=29 | 4.24+0.66 · n=29 | 4.66+0.80 · n=29 | 4.88+1.11 · n=29 | 5.30+1.52 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 2.03−1.56 · n=29 | 2.07−1.28 · n=29 | 2.43−1.13 · n=29 | 2.89−1.58 · n=29 | 2.84−1.10 · n=29 | 3.45−0.29 · n=29 | 4.22−0.08 · n=29 | 4.76+0.14 · n=29 | 5.02+0.17 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 2.77−2.34 · n=29 | 2.59−2.04 · n=29 | 2.60−2.00 · n=29 | 2.63−1.71 · n=29 | 2.70−1.50 · n=29 | 2.99−1.14 · n=29 | 3.75+0.10 · n=29 | 4.46+0.74 · n=29 | 5.35+0.94 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 3.32−2.87 · n=29 | 3.38−2.73 · n=29 | 3.23−2.54 · n=29 | 3.13−2.25 · n=29 | 3.29−1.93 · n=29 | 3.31−1.03 · n=29 | 3.86+0.16 · n=29 | 4.15+1.15 · n=29 | 4.54+2.02 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 2.96−2.29 · n=29 | 3.27−2.70 · n=29 | 3.61−3.17 · n=29 | 3.99−3.60 · n=29 | 4.32−3.79 · n=29 | 4.49−3.87 · n=29 | 4.75−3.81 · n=29 | 5.02−3.81 · n=29 | 5.20−3.77 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 2.64−1.83 · n=29 | 2.89−2.13 · n=29 | 3.07−2.25 · n=29 | 3.14−2.07 · n=29 | 3.38−1.71 · n=29 | 3.48−1.23 · n=29 | 3.78−0.69 · n=29 | 4.08−0.49 · n=29 | 4.25−0.35 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 2.23−1.53 · n=29 | 2.28−1.45 · n=29 | 2.28−1.30 · n=29 | 2.26−1.06 · n=29 | 2.71−0.96 · n=29 | 3.07−0.68 · n=29 | 3.34−0.32 · n=29 | 3.57+0.09 · n=29 | 3.69+0.61 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 2.67−1.15 · n=29 | 2.90−1.53 · n=29 | 3.14−1.98 · n=29 | 3.30−2.24 · n=29 | 3.39−2.35 · n=29 | 3.34−2.13 · n=29 | 3.39−1.78 · n=29 | 3.89−1.45 · n=29 | 4.16−1.10 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 1.74+0.57 · n=29 | 1.97+0.90 · n=29 | 2.24+0.99 · n=29 | 2.51+1.27 · n=29 | 2.88+1.44 · n=29 | 3.45+1.86 · n=29 | 4.53+3.17 · n=29 | 5.41+3.84 · n=29 | 6.46+4.02 · n=29 |
+ model too warm − model too cold bias interval includes zero ★ lowest MAE among ranked models (n ≥ 30) = not distinguishable from the leader ▼ worse than the leader ▲ better than the leader — all three Holm-corrected within this table, over the family of comparisons against the leader; the uncorrected verdict for every pair is published in the pairwise table of each permanent link and in pairwise_latest.csv.gzn < 30 greyed and unranked CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval on the group's own days, and reads — when it could not be computed skill reads — when fewer than 10 days are common to the model and the baseline: the ratio of two means over a handful of shared days is not a number worth printing
Sampled daily maximum — MAE °F by stationtmax_s
Scored against the maximum of the four *observed* samples on the same day.
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 1.72−1.58 · n=29 | 1.59−1.30 · n=29 | 1.81−1.27 · n=29 | 2.35−0.74 · n=29 | 2.59−0.06 · n=29 | 2.58+0.46 · n=29 | 3.30+0.90 · n=29 | 4.46+1.27 · n=29 | 5.62+1.25 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 3.07−2.65 · n=29 | 3.32−2.89 · n=29 | 3.48−2.85 · n=29 | 3.69−2.50 · n=29 | 3.95−2.12 · n=29 | 3.89−1.85 · n=29 | 4.47−1.47 · n=29 | 4.64−1.53 · n=29 | 4.27−1.44 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 1.53−1.00 · n=28 | 1.53−0.86 · n=28 | 2.24−0.92 · n=28 | 2.40−0.11 · n=28 | 3.52−1.23 · n=28 | 4.39−0.68 · n=28 | 4.58+0.52 · n=28 | 5.58+0.79 · n=28 | 6.29+0.28 · n=28 | |
| KDCA | — | 2.06−1.58 · n=29 | 2.02−1.64 · n=29 | 2.24−1.94 · n=29 | 2.41−1.81 · n=29 | 2.99−1.44 · n=29 | 3.59−0.76 · n=29 | 4.17+0.21 · n=29 | 5.06+0.39 · n=29 | 5.89+0.27 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 1.79−1.01 · n=29 | 2.04−1.32 · n=29 | 2.68−1.56 · n=29 | 3.20−2.09 · n=29 | 3.95−2.10 · n=29 | 4.92−2.27 · n=29 | 5.38−2.00 · n=29 | 6.52−1.91 · n=29 | 7.17−1.93 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 2.64−2.64 · n=29 | 3.18−3.09 · n=29 | 3.23−3.08 · n=29 | 3.51−2.31 · n=29 | 3.75−1.94 · n=29 | 3.62−1.76 · n=29 | 4.51−1.96 · n=29 | 4.51−1.72 · n=29 | 4.52−1.42 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 2.44−2.04 · n=29 | 2.45−2.09 · n=29 | 2.75−2.08 · n=29 | 2.78−1.89 · n=29 | 2.96−2.18 · n=29 | 3.71−1.77 · n=29 | 4.44−0.51 · n=29 | 5.05−0.26 · n=29 | 5.62−0.35 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 4.08−3.45 · n=29 | 4.31−3.66 · n=29 | 4.35−3.61 · n=29 | 4.39−3.25 · n=29 | 4.49−3.14 · n=29 | 4.56−2.89 · n=29 | 4.63−2.71 · n=29 | 4.92−2.85 · n=29 | 4.80−2.83 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 2.93−2.92 · n=29 | 2.81−2.67 · n=29 | 2.77−2.37 · n=29 | 3.03−2.63 · n=29 | 3.28−2.35 · n=29 | 4.13−1.41 · n=29 | 4.34−0.56 · n=29 | 4.51+0.17 · n=29 | 4.82+0.94 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 3.44−3.11 · n=29 | 3.98−3.81 · n=29 | 4.34−4.29 · n=29 | 4.78−4.70 · n=29 | 5.08−4.97 · n=29 | 5.12−4.94 · n=29 | 5.53−4.92 · n=29 | 6.49−4.97 · n=29 | 6.74−4.87 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 1.94−1.33 · n=29 | 2.08−1.28 · n=29 | 2.36−1.36 · n=29 | 2.50−1.27 · n=29 | 2.48−1.16 · n=29 | 2.40−1.09 · n=29 | 2.61−0.85 · n=29 | 2.75−0.63 · n=29 | 2.76−0.50 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 2.22−1.69 · n=29 | 2.17−1.40 · n=29 | 2.42−1.22 · n=29 | 2.88−1.77 · n=29 | 3.42−1.83 · n=29 | 4.36−2.04 · n=29 | 5.57−2.11 · n=29 | 6.40−2.09 · n=29 | 6.35−2.20 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 3.16−3.13 · n=29 | 3.16−3.07 · n=29 | 3.36−3.34 · n=29 | 3.21−3.07 · n=29 | 3.04−2.53 · n=29 | 3.11−1.87 · n=29 | 3.02−1.36 · n=29 | 3.65−1.13 · n=29 | 3.70−0.96 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 1.45+1.19 · n=28 | 1.34+1.13 · n=28 | 1.52+1.16 · n=28 | 1.98+1.29 · n=28 | 2.20+0.84 · n=28 | 2.86+1.07 · n=28 | 3.91+2.27 · n=28 | 4.74+2.55 · n=28 | 5.60+2.50 · n=28 | |
| KOKC | — | 2.54−1.55 · n=29 | 3.01−2.26 · n=29 | 3.22−2.19 · n=29 | 3.08−2.00 · n=29 | 3.58−1.84 · n=29 | 4.86−1.77 · n=29 | 4.65−1.69 · n=29 | 4.22−1.29 · n=29 | 4.78−0.79 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 1.44−1.24 · n=29 | 1.43−1.09 · n=29 | 1.86−1.03 · n=29 | 2.52−1.67 · n=29 | 2.39−1.04 · n=29 | 3.05−0.67 · n=29 | 3.90−0.75 · n=29 | 4.13−0.58 · n=29 | 4.33−0.74 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 2.23−1.05 · n=29 | 2.18−1.20 · n=29 | 2.22−1.39 · n=29 | 2.21−1.24 · n=29 | 2.37−1.25 · n=29 | 2.88−0.74 · n=29 | 3.52+0.48 · n=29 | 4.46+0.70 · n=29 | 5.27+0.61 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 2.99−2.76 · n=29 | 3.09−2.62 · n=29 | 2.94−2.29 · n=29 | 2.76−1.79 · n=29 | 2.54−1.39 · n=29 | 2.30−0.04 · n=29 | 3.52+1.49 · n=29 | 3.76+2.49 · n=29 | 4.51+3.40 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 4.56−4.56 · n=29 | 5.06−5.06 · n=29 | 5.62−5.62 · n=29 | 6.16−6.16 · n=29 | 6.52−6.37 · n=29 | 6.63−6.53 · n=29 | 6.89−6.56 · n=29 | 7.11−6.70 · n=29 | 7.38−6.75 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 2.53−2.41 · n=29 | 2.91−2.78 · n=29 | 3.17−2.91 · n=29 | 3.19−2.63 · n=29 | 3.38−2.13 · n=29 | 3.35−1.86 · n=29 | 3.70−1.47 · n=29 | 3.89−1.48 · n=29 | 3.64−1.36 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 2.24−2.07 · n=29 | 2.40−2.12 · n=29 | 2.58−2.13 · n=29 | 2.39−1.99 · n=29 | 3.11−1.92 · n=29 | 3.39−1.56 · n=29 | 3.61−1.04 · n=29 | 3.93−0.43 · n=29 | 4.06+0.27 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 3.99−3.41 · n=29 | 4.31−3.71 · n=29 | 4.79−4.29 · n=29 | 5.34−4.60 · n=29 | 5.42−4.68 · n=29 | 5.26−4.41 · n=29 | 5.48−4.04 · n=29 | 6.13−3.77 · n=29 | 6.47−3.37 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 1.39+0.48 · n=29 | 1.44+0.35 · n=29 | 1.56+0.26 · n=29 | 1.92+0.51 · n=29 | 2.32+0.41 · n=29 | 3.02+0.99 · n=29 | 4.16+2.33 · n=29 | 4.92+2.57 · n=29 | 5.76+2.49 · n=29 |
Sampled daily minimum — MAE °F by stationtmin_s
Scored against the minimum of the four *observed* samples on the same day.
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 2.45−2.30 · n=29 | 2.01−1.78 · n=29 | 1.83−1.40 · n=29 | 1.95−1.01 · n=29 | 1.71−0.59 · n=29 | 1.90+0.45 · n=29 | 2.66+1.78 · n=29 | 3.29+2.70 · n=29 | 3.98+3.19 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 3.37+2.51 · n=29 | 3.37+2.24 · n=29 | 3.32+2.14 · n=29 | 3.43+2.24 · n=29 | 3.96+2.75 · n=29 | 4.50+3.61 · n=29 | 5.18+4.59 · n=29 | 5.96+5.08 · n=29 | 6.60+5.37 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 2.00−1.88 · n=28 | 1.99−1.41 · n=28 | 2.06−1.13 · n=28 | 1.69−0.51 · n=28 | 1.67+0.17 · n=28 | 2.42+0.59 · n=28 | 3.62+2.12 · n=28 | 4.60+3.05 · n=28 | 5.15+3.27 · n=28 | |
| KDCA | — | 1.90−1.87 · n=29 | 1.53−1.25 · n=29 | 1.56−1.02 · n=29 | 1.76−0.80 · n=29 | 1.97−0.37 · n=29 | 2.54−0.06 · n=29 | 3.04+1.21 · n=29 | 4.04+2.13 · n=29 | 4.99+2.63 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 2.40−1.35 · n=29 | 2.22−1.24 · n=29 | 2.32−1.26 · n=29 | 2.95−1.69 · n=29 | 3.63−1.60 · n=29 | 4.20−1.56 · n=29 | 4.44−1.78 · n=29 | 4.93−1.76 · n=29 | 5.39−1.86 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 1.87−1.66 · n=29 | 1.99−1.75 · n=29 | 2.28−1.97 · n=29 | 2.23−1.75 · n=29 | 2.24−1.39 · n=29 | 2.47−0.56 · n=29 | 2.93+0.27 · n=29 | 3.93+0.69 · n=29 | 4.22+0.96 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 1.24+0.01 · n=29 | 1.45+0.33 · n=29 | 1.78+0.57 · n=29 | 2.05+0.82 · n=29 | 2.40+1.43 · n=29 | 2.69+1.76 · n=29 | 3.83+3.19 · n=29 | 4.88+4.22 · n=29 | 6.05+4.65 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 1.45−0.05 · n=29 | 1.45−0.24 · n=29 | 1.79−0.32 · n=29 | 2.03−0.42 · n=29 | 2.55+0.14 · n=29 | 3.03+0.98 · n=29 | 3.63+1.97 · n=29 | 4.22+2.57 · n=29 | 4.76+2.85 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 2.64−2.40 · n=29 | 2.36−2.14 · n=29 | 2.39−1.96 · n=29 | 2.43−1.94 · n=29 | 2.35−1.72 · n=29 | 2.38−1.34 · n=29 | 2.41−0.68 · n=29 | 2.38−0.20 · n=29 | 2.81+0.26 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 1.77−1.45 · n=29 | 2.13−1.94 · n=29 | 2.49−2.40 · n=29 | 2.82−2.72 · n=29 | 2.99−2.75 · n=29 | 3.30−2.74 · n=29 | 3.38−2.60 · n=29 | 3.40−2.49 · n=29 | 3.58−2.31 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 1.44−0.89 · n=29 | 1.47−0.89 · n=29 | 1.53−1.05 · n=29 | 1.78−0.98 · n=29 | 1.85−0.86 · n=29 | 1.86−0.71 · n=29 | 1.90−0.58 · n=29 | 2.00−0.48 · n=29 | 2.09−0.39 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 1.83−1.23 · n=29 | 1.62−0.68 · n=29 | 2.10−0.12 · n=29 | 2.25−0.45 · n=29 | 2.61−1.01 · n=29 | 3.20−0.93 · n=29 | 4.24−1.03 · n=29 | 4.76−1.00 · n=29 | 5.52−0.79 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 2.12+0.55 · n=29 | 2.12+0.76 · n=29 | 2.21+0.72 · n=29 | 2.30+0.74 · n=29 | 2.75+1.30 · n=29 | 3.78+2.38 · n=29 | 4.40+3.39 · n=29 | 4.92+3.96 · n=29 | 5.15+4.13 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 1.33−0.77 · n=28 | 1.36−0.43 · n=28 | 1.60−0.10 · n=28 | 2.12+0.21 · n=28 | 2.59+0.80 · n=28 | 2.70+1.28 · n=28 | 3.80+2.79 · n=28 | 4.88+3.91 · n=28 | 6.22+4.29 · n=28 | |
| KOKC | — | 2.72+1.65 · n=29 | 2.69+1.28 · n=29 | 2.99+1.37 · n=29 | 3.02+1.59 · n=29 | 3.32+1.96 · n=29 | 4.13+2.63 · n=29 | 5.21+2.91 · n=29 | 5.43+3.08 · n=29 | 5.76+3.50 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 1.20−0.68 · n=29 | 1.44−0.26 · n=29 | 1.85−0.08 · n=29 | 2.50−0.52 · n=29 | 2.43−0.01 · n=29 | 3.15+1.24 · n=29 | 4.00+1.77 · n=29 | 4.92+2.14 · n=29 | 5.24+2.35 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 2.12−2.05 · n=29 | 1.93−1.59 · n=29 | 2.10−1.37 · n=29 | 2.06−1.04 · n=29 | 2.12−0.41 · n=29 | 2.48−0.10 · n=29 | 3.40+1.29 · n=29 | 4.48+2.31 · n=29 | 5.55+2.70 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 3.94−3.83 · n=29 | 3.67−3.57 · n=29 | 3.53−3.49 · n=29 | 3.53−3.34 · n=29 | 3.79−3.23 · n=29 | 3.54−2.90 · n=29 | 3.84−2.18 · n=29 | 3.87−1.22 · n=29 | 3.77−0.45 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 1.81+0.44 · n=29 | 1.83+0.07 · n=29 | 1.80−0.32 · n=29 | 1.86−0.59 · n=29 | 2.11−0.60 · n=29 | 2.34−0.69 · n=29 | 2.81−0.52 · n=29 | 3.26−0.40 · n=29 | 3.39−0.30 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 1.73+0.33 · n=29 | 1.84−0.09 · n=29 | 2.05−0.34 · n=29 | 1.96−0.31 · n=29 | 2.30+0.09 · n=29 | 2.57+0.79 · n=29 | 3.01+1.59 · n=29 | 3.59+2.06 · n=29 | 3.97+2.36 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 1.67−1.42 · n=29 | 1.69−1.32 · n=29 | 1.40−0.97 · n=29 | 1.55−0.70 · n=29 | 1.91−0.37 · n=29 | 2.49−0.18 · n=29 | 2.81+0.06 · n=29 | 3.09+0.33 · n=29 | 3.22+0.65 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 1.93+0.46 · n=29 | 2.05+0.07 · n=29 | 2.03−0.31 · n=29 | 2.00−0.63 · n=29 | 2.11−0.69 · n=29 | 2.03−0.52 · n=29 | 2.05−0.24 · n=29 | 2.45+0.14 · n=29 | 2.60+0.40 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 2.00+1.73 · n=29 | 2.49+2.17 · n=29 | 3.01+2.35 · n=29 | 3.23+2.68 · n=29 | 3.42+3.30 · n=29 | 4.08+3.63 · n=29 | 5.30+5.08 · n=29 | 6.48+6.11 · n=29 | 7.52+6.51 · n=29 |
Against the NWS daily extremes (secondary)
This comparison scores four 6-hourly forecast samples against the true daily extreme, so it includes a sampling penalty. The size of that penalty depends on each model's own diurnal amplitude, which is one of the things this site measures, so these numbers are published for operational relevance and are never used for ranking.
Daily maximum vs NWS CLI
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 4.27−4.27 · n=29 | 4.00−3.99 · n=29 | 3.96−3.96 · n=29 | 4.11−3.43 · n=29 | 4.25−2.75 · n=29 | 3.63−2.23 · n=29 | 4.05−1.78 · n=29 | 4.80−1.42 · n=29 | 5.95−1.43 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 7.06−7.06 · n=29 | 7.31−7.31 · n=29 | 7.46−7.27 · n=29 | 7.42−6.92 · n=29 | 7.42−6.53 · n=29 | 7.24−6.27 · n=29 | 7.67−5.88 · n=29 | 7.95−5.94 · n=29 | 7.45−5.85 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 2.67−2.56 · n=29 | 2.55−2.39 · n=29 | 3.01−2.51 · n=29 | 3.17−1.83 · n=29 | 4.59−2.97 · n=29 | 5.16−2.43 · n=29 | 4.78−1.11 · n=29 | 5.62−0.86 · n=29 | 6.16−1.33 · n=29 | |
| KDCA | — | 3.40−3.40 · n=29 | 3.47−3.47 · n=29 | 3.77−3.77 · n=29 | 3.92−3.63 · n=29 | 4.17−3.26 · n=29 | 4.78−2.58 · n=29 | 5.05−1.61 · n=29 | 5.88−1.43 · n=29 | 6.49−1.56 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 6.05−6.05 · n=29 | 6.36−6.36 · n=29 | 6.60−6.60 · n=29 | 7.30−7.12 · n=29 | 7.77−7.14 · n=29 | 8.53−7.31 · n=29 | 8.50−7.04 · n=29 | 9.53−6.95 · n=29 | 9.34−6.97 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 6.09−6.09 · n=29 | 6.54−6.54 · n=29 | 6.53−6.53 · n=29 | 6.39−5.76 · n=29 | 6.54−5.39 · n=29 | 6.28−5.21 · n=29 | 7.07−5.41 · n=29 | 6.80−5.17 · n=29 | 6.56−4.87 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 3.81−3.81 · n=29 | 3.86−3.86 · n=29 | 3.90−3.86 · n=29 | 3.97−3.66 · n=29 | 4.42−3.95 · n=29 | 4.82−3.54 · n=29 | 5.15−2.28 · n=29 | 5.50−2.03 · n=29 | 6.05−2.12 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 7.22−7.04 · n=29 | 7.43−7.25 · n=29 | 7.46−7.20 · n=29 | 7.26−6.84 · n=29 | 7.26−6.73 · n=29 | 7.14−6.48 · n=29 | 7.12−6.30 · n=29 | 7.34−6.43 · n=29 | 7.20−6.42 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 4.57−4.57 · n=29 | 4.31−4.31 · n=29 | 4.03−4.02 · n=29 | 4.34−4.28 · n=29 | 4.23−3.99 · n=29 | 4.68−3.06 · n=29 | 4.97−2.20 · n=29 | 4.62−1.47 · n=29 | 4.81−0.71 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 5.88−5.87 · n=29 | 6.57−6.57 · n=29 | 7.05−7.05 · n=29 | 7.46−7.46 · n=29 | 7.73−7.73 · n=29 | 7.70−7.70 · n=29 | 7.77−7.68 · n=29 | 8.60−7.73 · n=29 | 8.57−7.63 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 3.27−3.27 · n=29 | 3.22−3.22 · n=29 | 3.29−3.29 · n=29 | 3.35−3.20 · n=29 | 3.29−3.10 · n=29 | 3.16−3.02 · n=29 | 2.98−2.78 · n=29 | 3.00−2.56 · n=29 | 3.00−2.43 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 5.11−5.01 · n=29 | 4.79−4.71 · n=29 | 4.58−4.54 · n=29 | 5.22−5.08 · n=29 | 5.67−5.14 · n=29 | 6.61−5.35 · n=29 | 7.83−5.42 · n=29 | 8.57−5.40 · n=29 | 8.13−5.51 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 5.44−5.44 · n=29 | 5.38−5.38 · n=29 | 5.65−5.65 · n=29 | 5.38−5.38 · n=29 | 4.84−4.84 · n=29 | 4.49−4.18 · n=29 | 4.06−3.67 · n=29 | 4.24−3.44 · n=29 | 4.26−3.27 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 1.14−1.03 · n=29 | 1.34−1.07 · n=29 | 1.72−1.05 · n=29 | 2.02−0.91 · n=29 | 2.56−1.23 · n=29 | 3.27−0.90 · n=29 | 3.95+0.31 · n=29 | 4.64+0.59 · n=29 | 5.22+0.53 · n=29 | |
| KOKC | — | 4.78−4.72 · n=29 | 5.57−5.43 · n=29 | 5.70−5.37 · n=29 | 5.45−5.18 · n=29 | 5.83−5.01 · n=29 | 6.92−4.94 · n=29 | 6.82−4.87 · n=29 | 6.11−4.47 · n=29 | 6.03−3.97 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 3.51−3.51 · n=29 | 3.42−3.36 · n=29 | 3.79−3.30 · n=29 | 4.38−3.94 · n=29 | 4.09−3.31 · n=29 | 4.25−2.94 · n=29 | 4.90−3.02 · n=29 | 4.98−2.85 · n=29 | 5.16−3.00 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 3.22−2.95 · n=29 | 3.27−3.10 · n=29 | 3.49−3.29 · n=29 | 3.44−3.14 · n=29 | 3.74−3.15 · n=29 | 4.15−2.64 · n=29 | 4.47−1.42 · n=29 | 5.20−1.20 · n=29 | 5.60−1.28 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 5.42−5.42 · n=29 | 5.28−5.28 · n=29 | 4.95−4.95 · n=29 | 4.48−4.45 · n=29 | 4.09−4.05 · n=29 | 3.39−2.70 · n=29 | 3.70−1.17 · n=29 | 3.53−0.17 · n=29 | 4.08+0.74 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 6.97−6.97 · n=29 | 7.48−7.48 · n=29 | 8.03−8.03 · n=29 | 8.57−8.57 · n=29 | 8.79−8.79 · n=29 | 8.94−8.94 · n=29 | 8.98−8.98 · n=29 | 9.15−9.11 · n=29 | 9.25−9.17 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 6.01−6.01 · n=29 | 6.38−6.38 · n=29 | 6.51−6.51 · n=29 | 6.29−6.24 · n=29 | 6.27−5.74 · n=29 | 6.09−5.46 · n=29 | 6.31−5.07 · n=29 | 6.53−5.09 · n=29 | 6.11−4.96 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 3.62−3.54 · n=29 | 3.72−3.59 · n=29 | 3.82−3.60 · n=29 | 3.59−3.46 · n=29 | 4.08−3.39 · n=29 | 4.10−3.03 · n=29 | 4.03−2.51 · n=29 | 4.16−1.90 · n=29 | 4.16−1.20 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 7.15−7.15 · n=29 | 7.46−7.46 · n=29 | 8.03−8.03 · n=29 | 8.35−8.35 · n=29 | 8.44−8.42 · n=29 | 8.16−8.16 · n=29 | 7.80−7.78 · n=29 | 8.04−7.51 · n=29 | 8.44−7.12 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 1.81−1.45 · n=29 | 1.82−1.58 · n=29 | 2.22−1.67 · n=29 | 2.53−1.42 · n=29 | 2.95−1.52 · n=29 | 3.53−0.94 · n=29 | 4.42+0.39 · n=29 | 4.97+0.64 · n=29 | 5.56+0.55 · n=29 |
Daily minimum vs NWS CLI
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 2.05−0.79 · n=29 | 1.58−0.27 · n=29 | 1.44+0.11 · n=29 | 1.61+0.49 · n=29 | 1.66+0.92 · n=29 | 2.29+1.95 · n=29 | 3.55+3.28 · n=29 | 4.32+4.20 · n=29 | 4.80+4.70 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 4.48+4.23 · n=29 | 4.30+3.95 · n=29 | 4.31+3.85 · n=29 | 4.42+3.95 · n=29 | 4.90+4.47 · n=29 | 5.75+5.33 · n=29 | 6.65+6.31 · n=29 | 7.44+6.80 · n=29 | 8.11+7.09 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 1.22+0.24 · n=29 | 1.62+0.67 · n=29 | 1.92+0.92 · n=29 | 2.15+1.58 · n=29 | 2.75+2.24 · n=29 | 3.36+2.60 · n=29 | 4.79+4.10 · n=29 | 5.93+5.07 · n=29 | 6.58+5.31 · n=29 | |
| KDCA | — | 1.13−0.22 · n=29 | 1.31+0.40 · n=29 | 1.58+0.62 · n=29 | 2.01+0.85 · n=29 | 2.07+1.28 · n=29 | 2.77+1.59 · n=29 | 3.53+2.86 · n=29 | 4.68+3.78 · n=29 | 5.80+4.27 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 2.56+0.66 · n=29 | 2.30+0.77 · n=29 | 2.41+0.76 · n=29 | 2.54+0.33 · n=29 | 3.06+0.42 · n=29 | 3.54+0.45 · n=29 | 3.87+0.23 · n=29 | 4.60+0.26 · n=29 | 5.00+0.15 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 1.56+0.21 · n=29 | 1.89+0.12 · n=29 | 2.06−0.10 · n=29 | 2.35+0.12 · n=29 | 2.71+0.48 · n=29 | 3.25+1.30 · n=29 | 3.94+2.14 · n=29 | 4.31+2.56 · n=29 | 4.81+2.83 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 2.59+2.38 · n=29 | 2.93+2.70 · n=29 | 3.27+2.94 · n=29 | 3.63+3.19 · n=29 | 4.17+3.80 · n=29 | 4.58+4.13 · n=29 | 5.85+5.56 · n=29 | 6.82+6.59 · n=29 | 7.98+7.02 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 2.38+1.93 · n=29 | 2.44+1.74 · n=29 | 2.63+1.66 · n=29 | 2.85+1.56 · n=29 | 3.43+2.12 · n=29 | 4.03+2.96 · n=29 | 4.72+3.95 · n=29 | 5.34+4.55 · n=29 | 5.97+4.82 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 1.96−0.82 · n=29 | 1.79−0.55 · n=29 | 1.89−0.37 · n=29 | 2.01−0.36 · n=29 | 1.94−0.14 · n=29 | 2.25+0.24 · n=29 | 2.43+0.90 · n=29 | 2.63+1.39 · n=29 | 2.92+1.84 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 1.18+0.29 · n=29 | 1.11−0.21 · n=29 | 1.12−0.66 · n=29 | 1.37−0.98 · n=29 | 1.85−1.02 · n=29 | 2.06−1.00 · n=29 | 2.48−0.86 · n=29 | 3.05−0.75 · n=29 | 3.38−0.58 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 1.54+0.83 · n=29 | 1.59+0.83 · n=29 | 1.52+0.68 · n=29 | 1.72+0.75 · n=29 | 1.81+0.87 · n=29 | 1.91+1.02 · n=29 | 1.98+1.14 · n=29 | 2.09+1.24 · n=29 | 2.16+1.34 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 2.08+1.02 · n=29 | 2.23+1.56 · n=29 | 2.52+2.13 · n=29 | 2.57+1.79 · n=29 | 2.58+1.23 · n=29 | 3.60+1.31 · n=29 | 4.64+1.21 · n=29 | 4.62+1.25 · n=29 | 5.44+1.46 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 3.20+2.55 · n=29 | 3.26+2.75 · n=29 | 3.20+2.72 · n=29 | 3.41+2.74 · n=29 | 4.07+3.30 · n=29 | 5.02+4.38 · n=29 | 5.85+5.39 · n=29 | 6.39+5.96 · n=29 | 6.68+6.12 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 1.69+0.66 · n=29 | 1.73+1.02 · n=29 | 1.89+1.29 · n=29 | 2.41+1.61 · n=29 | 3.00+2.24 · n=29 | 3.28+2.66 · n=29 | 4.48+4.14 · n=29 | 5.63+5.20 · n=29 | 6.89+5.59 · n=29 | |
| KOKC | — | 3.46+3.11 · n=29 | 3.31+2.74 · n=29 | 3.55+2.83 · n=29 | 3.64+3.05 · n=29 | 4.02+3.42 · n=29 | 4.85+4.09 · n=29 | 5.97+4.37 · n=29 | 5.95+4.54 · n=29 | 6.21+4.96 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 1.56+0.80 · n=29 | 1.96+1.22 · n=29 | 2.44+1.40 · n=29 | 2.68+0.96 · n=29 | 2.55+1.47 · n=29 | 3.64+2.73 · n=29 | 4.50+3.26 · n=29 | 5.57+3.62 · n=29 | 5.82+3.83 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 1.50−0.07 · n=29 | 1.41+0.39 · n=29 | 1.85+0.61 · n=29 | 2.42+0.94 · n=29 | 2.74+1.56 · n=29 | 3.10+1.88 · n=29 | 4.21+3.27 · n=29 | 5.46+4.29 · n=29 | 6.58+4.67 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 2.79−2.53 · n=29 | 2.67−2.28 · n=29 | 2.69−2.20 · n=29 | 2.65−2.05 · n=29 | 3.07−1.94 · n=29 | 3.01−1.60 · n=29 | 3.47−0.88 · n=29 | 3.84+0.08 · n=29 | 3.86+0.84 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 2.44+2.33 · n=29 | 2.17+1.96 · n=29 | 1.94+1.57 · n=29 | 1.92+1.30 · n=29 | 2.12+1.29 · n=29 | 2.27+1.20 · n=29 | 2.65+1.37 · n=29 | 3.12+1.49 · n=29 | 3.26+1.59 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 1.92+1.31 · n=29 | 1.91+0.89 · n=29 | 2.17+0.63 · n=29 | 2.17+0.67 · n=29 | 2.66+1.07 · n=29 | 2.99+1.77 · n=29 | 3.63+2.57 · n=29 | 4.19+3.04 · n=29 | 4.67+3.34 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 1.33+0.42 · n=29 | 1.33+0.51 · n=29 | 1.42+0.87 · n=29 | 1.86+1.13 · n=29 | 2.29+1.46 · n=29 | 2.68+1.66 · n=29 | 3.17+1.89 · n=29 | 3.46+2.16 · n=29 | 3.64+2.49 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 2.11+1.38 · n=29 | 2.13+1.00 · n=29 | 2.01+0.62 · n=29 | 1.92+0.30 · n=29 | 2.02+0.24 · n=29 | 1.90+0.41 · n=29 | 2.16+0.69 · n=29 | 2.65+1.07 · n=29 | 2.95+1.33 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 4.79+4.79 · n=29 | 5.24+5.23 · n=29 | 5.54+5.42 · n=29 | 5.85+5.74 · n=29 | 6.42+6.36 · n=29 | 6.77+6.69 · n=29 | 8.22+8.14 · n=29 | 9.18+9.18 · n=29 | 10.13+9.57 · n=29 |
Month-by-month slices live on the canonical page: they do not depend on the window, initialization or interpolation selected here.
Source and licence
Where the numbers come from, what may be done with them, and what was — deliberately — not done to the forecast before scoring it.
Where it comes from
aiwp · AURO · IFS initial conditions
Steps every 6 h to 240 h; sampled at 00/06/12/18 UTC only.
Licence
NOAA/CIRA AIWP, U.S. Government work, public domain. Cite Radford et al. (2025), BAMS, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0057.1.
Post-processing
None. Raw grid values, bilinear (headline) or nearest-node interpolation, no MOS, no bias correction, no downscaling.