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CastCheck methodology v0.2 · data through 2026-08-30

Denver Intl · Aurora (IFS init) · lead day 1

KDEN · aurora_ifs · lead 1

Target day = initialization date + 1 day. This page is a permanent link: the numbers change as history accumulates, the address and the methodology version do not.

Scores use the latest model version segment, AURO_v100, starting 2026-08-28 — days before that ran a different version of the model and are excluded rather than silently pooled. Of the scored days, 1 carry a QC flag on the observation.

JSON for this page CSV of the daily errors Cite this page

Every number for this combination

All four windows × both initializations × both interpolations × both variables. Errors are computed in °C and shown in °F; CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval. MAE debiased and skill, debiased remove the constant offset of the window first, so a station that the model always reads a degree too warm is not scored as if it had no skill — compare the two skill columns to see how much of the error is a fixed offset. n QC next to n counts days whose observation carries a QC flag.

VariableInitMethod Windown MAE °F MAE debiased Bias °F RMSE °F ±1 °F±2 °F±3 °F Skill Skill, debiased Period
tmax00Zbilinear30d2 1 QC5.03 [3.52, 6.54]1.51-5.03 [-6.54, -3.52]5.25 [3.52, 6.54]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.01+0.502026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinear90d2 1 QC5.03 [3.52, 6.54]1.51-5.03 [-6.54, -3.52]5.25 [3.52, 6.54]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.01+0.502026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinear365d2 1 QC5.03 [3.52, 6.54]1.51-5.03 [-6.54, -3.52]5.25 [3.52, 6.54]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.01+0.502026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinearall2 1 QC5.03 [3.52, 6.54]1.51-5.03 [-6.54, -3.52]5.25 [3.52, 6.54]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.01+0.502026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest30d2 1 QC4.90 [3.39, 6.42]1.51-4.90 [-6.42, -3.39]5.13 [3.39, 6.42]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.02+0.502026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest90d2 1 QC4.90 [3.39, 6.42]1.51-4.90 [-6.42, -3.39]5.13 [3.39, 6.42]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.02+0.502026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest365d2 1 QC4.90 [3.39, 6.42]1.51-4.90 [-6.42, -3.39]5.13 [3.39, 6.42]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.02+0.502026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearestall2 1 QC4.90 [3.39, 6.42]1.51-4.90 [-6.42, -3.39]5.13 [3.39, 6.42]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.02+0.502026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear30d2 1 QC5.59 [4.02, 7.16]1.57-5.59 [-7.16, -4.02]5.81 [4.02, 7.16]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.12+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear90d2 1 QC5.59 [4.02, 7.16]1.57-5.59 [-7.16, -4.02]5.81 [4.02, 7.16]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.12+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear365d2 1 QC5.59 [4.02, 7.16]1.57-5.59 [-7.16, -4.02]5.81 [4.02, 7.16]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.12+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinearall2 1 QC5.59 [4.02, 7.16]1.57-5.59 [-7.16, -4.02]5.81 [4.02, 7.16]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.12+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest30d2 1 QC5.46 [3.90, 7.03]1.57-5.46 [-7.03, -3.90]5.68 [3.90, 7.03]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.09+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest90d2 1 QC5.46 [3.90, 7.03]1.57-5.46 [-7.03, -3.90]5.68 [3.90, 7.03]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.09+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest365d2 1 QC5.46 [3.90, 7.03]1.57-5.46 [-7.03, -3.90]5.68 [3.90, 7.03]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.09+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearestall2 1 QC5.46 [3.90, 7.03]1.57-5.46 [-7.03, -3.90]5.68 [3.90, 7.03]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.09+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear30d2 1 QC4.41 [3.21, 5.60]1.20+4.41 [3.21, 5.60]4.57 [3.21, 5.60]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-7.81-1.402026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear90d2 1 QC4.41 [3.21, 5.60]1.20+4.41 [3.21, 5.60]4.57 [3.21, 5.60]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-7.81-1.402026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear365d2 1 QC4.41 [3.21, 5.60]1.20+4.41 [3.21, 5.60]4.57 [3.21, 5.60]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-7.81-1.402026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinearall2 1 QC4.41 [3.21, 5.60]1.20+4.41 [3.21, 5.60]4.57 [3.21, 5.60]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-7.81-1.402026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest30d2 1 QC4.31 [3.36, 5.27]0.96+4.31 [3.36, 5.27]4.42 [3.36, 5.27]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-7.63-0.912026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest90d2 1 QC4.31 [3.36, 5.27]0.96+4.31 [3.36, 5.27]4.42 [3.36, 5.27]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-7.63-0.912026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest365d2 1 QC4.31 [3.36, 5.27]0.96+4.31 [3.36, 5.27]4.42 [3.36, 5.27]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-7.63-0.912026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearestall2 1 QC4.31 [3.36, 5.27]0.96+4.31 [3.36, 5.27]4.42 [3.36, 5.27]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-7.63-0.912026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear30d2 1 QC3.99 [3.53, 4.45]0.46+3.99 [3.53, 4.45]4.01 [3.53, 4.45]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-6.97+0.082026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear90d2 1 QC3.99 [3.53, 4.45]0.46+3.99 [3.53, 4.45]4.01 [3.53, 4.45]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-6.97+0.082026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear365d2 1 QC3.99 [3.53, 4.45]0.46+3.99 [3.53, 4.45]4.01 [3.53, 4.45]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-6.97+0.082026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinearall2 1 QC3.99 [3.53, 4.45]0.46+3.99 [3.53, 4.45]4.01 [3.53, 4.45]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-6.97+0.082026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest30d2 1 QC3.91 [3.65, 4.17]0.26+3.91 [3.65, 4.17]3.92 [3.65, 4.17]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-6.81+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest90d2 1 QC3.91 [3.65, 4.17]0.26+3.91 [3.65, 4.17]3.92 [3.65, 4.17]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-6.81+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest365d2 1 QC3.91 [3.65, 4.17]0.26+3.91 [3.65, 4.17]3.92 [3.65, 4.17]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-6.81+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearestall2 1 QC3.91 [3.65, 4.17]0.26+3.91 [3.65, 4.17]3.92 [3.65, 4.17]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-6.81+0.482026-08-29 → 2026-08-30

+ model too warm · − model too cold · bias interval includes zero · ★ lowest MAE · = not distinguishable from the leader · ▼ significantly worse · n < 30 greyed and unranked · CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval.

Daily error, last 90 days

Daily forecast minus observed error in °F for Aurora (IFS init) at KDEN, lead day 1, 00Z bilinear tmax+10+50-5-102026-08-29: -6.54 °F2026-08-30: -3.52 °F2026-08-292026-08-30°F, forecast − observed
Forecast − observed, °F, 00Z bilinear daily maximum. The dashed line is zero; the thick line is a centred 7-day mean, drawn only where the whole window is present. Gaps are days with no score, never interpolation. Hover a point for its date and value.
The same series as a table (2 days, newest first) · download CSV
Climatological dayError °F
2026-08-30-3.52
2026-08-29-6.54

Error distribution

Distribution of the signed daily error in °F for Aurora (IFS init) at KDEN, lead day 1-10 to -9 °F: 0 days-9 to -8 °F: 0 days-8 to -7 °F: 0 days-7 to -6 °F: 1 day-6 to -5 °F: 0 days-5 to -4 °F: 0 days-4 to -3 °F: 1 day-3 to -2 °F: 0 days-2 to -1 °F: 0 days-1 to 0 °F: 0 days0 to 1 °F: 0 days1 to 2 °F: 0 days2 to 3 °F: 0 days3 to 4 °F: 0 days4 to 5 °F: 0 days5 to 6 °F: 0 days6 to 7 °F: 0 days7 to 8 °F: 0 days8 to 9 °F: 0 days9 to 10 °F: 0 daysdashed: P50 |e| 5.03 · P90 |e| 6.23 °F-100+10 °Fn = 2 days
All scored days for 00Z bilinear daily maximum, 20 equal bins. The dashed marks are the 50th and 90th percentiles of the absolute error, mirrored on both sides. Hover a bar for its bin and count.
Bin counts as a table
From °FTo °FDays
-10.00-9.000
-9.00-8.000
-8.00-7.000
-7.00-6.001
-6.00-5.000
-5.00-4.000
-4.00-3.001
-3.00-2.000
-2.00-1.000
-1.00+0.000
+0.00+1.000
+1.00+2.000
+2.00+3.000
+3.00+4.000
+4.00+5.000
+5.00+6.000
+6.00+7.000
+7.00+8.000
+8.00+9.000
+9.00+10.000

Month by month

00Z bilinear daily maximum, newest first.

Monthn MAE °FBias °F
2026-0825.03 -5.03

Availability

ModelScored period DaysCoverage
Aurora (IFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2
Aurora (IFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2
Aurora (IFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2
Aurora (IFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2

Compared with other models

Paired bootstrap on the days both models cover (90d, 00Z, bilinear, daily maximum). Negative means Aurora (IFS init) has the lower MAE. "Distinguishable" means the 95 % interval excludes zero.

Other modelCommon days MAE difference °FDistinguishable
ECMWF AIFS Single 2 +0.99 [0.93, 1.05] yes
Aurora (GFS init) 1 -1.50 [-1.50, -1.50] yes
FourCastNet v2 (GFS init) 1 -0.63 [-0.63, -0.63] yes
FourCastNet v2 (IFS init) 2 -0.53 [-0.65, -0.42] yes
NCEP GFS 2 +1.30 [0.27, 2.32] yes
GraphCast (GFS init) 1 +0.46 [0.46, 0.46] yes
GraphCast (IFS init) 2 -0.28 [-0.56, 0.01] no
ECMWF IFS HRES 2 +3.51 [2.40, 4.62] yes
Pangu-Weather (GFS init) 1 +3.26 [3.26, 3.26] yes
Pangu-Weather (IFS init) 2 +3.22 [3.13, 3.31] yes
Persistence (baseline) 2 +0.03 [-4.48, 4.54] no

Cite this page

ShortCastCheck, KDEN aurora_ifs lead 1, methodology v0.2, accessed 2026-08-31, https://castcheck.zifanzhang.com/station/KDEN/model/aurora_ifs/lead/1/

LongCastCheck (2026). Station-level verification of raw weather-model 2 m temperature forecasts: KDEN (Denver Intl), model aurora_ifs, lead day 1. Methodology version 0.2, schema version 0.1, data through 2026-08-30. Accessed 2026-08-31. https://castcheck.zifanzhang.com/station/KDEN/model/aurora_ifs/lead/1/

Accessed2026-08-31 (data through 2026-08-30; page built 2026-08-31T03:52:06+00:00)

JSON CSV all scores methodology v0.2 licence