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CastCheck methodology v0.2 · data through 2026-08-30

Minneapolis-St Paul · Aurora (IFS init) · lead day 1

KMSP · aurora_ifs · lead 1

Target day = initialization date + 1 day. This page is a permanent link: the numbers change as history accumulates, the address and the methodology version do not.

Scores use the latest model version segment, AURO_v100, starting 2026-08-28 — days before that ran a different version of the model and are excluded rather than silently pooled. Of the scored days, 1 carry a QC flag on the observation.

JSON for this page CSV of the daily errors Cite this page

Every number for this combination

All four windows × both initializations × both interpolations × both variables. Errors are computed in °C and shown in °F; CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval. MAE debiased and skill, debiased remove the constant offset of the window first, so a station that the model always reads a degree too warm is not scored as if it had no skill — compare the two skill columns to see how much of the error is a fixed offset. n QC next to n counts days whose observation carries a QC flag.

VariableInitMethod Windown MAE °F MAE debiased Bias °F RMSE °F ±1 °F±2 °F±3 °F Skill Skill, debiased Period
tmax00Zbilinear30d2 1 QC6.55 [6.12, 6.97]0.43-6.55 [-6.97, -6.12]6.56 [6.12, 6.97]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-3.36+0.722026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinear90d2 1 QC6.55 [6.12, 6.97]0.43-6.55 [-6.97, -6.12]6.56 [6.12, 6.97]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-3.36+0.722026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinear365d2 1 QC6.55 [6.12, 6.97]0.43-6.55 [-6.97, -6.12]6.56 [6.12, 6.97]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-3.36+0.722026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinearall2 1 QC6.55 [6.12, 6.97]0.43-6.55 [-6.97, -6.12]6.56 [6.12, 6.97]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-3.36+0.722026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest30d2 1 QC7.02 [6.87, 7.16]0.14-7.02 [-7.16, -6.87]7.02 [6.87, 7.16]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-3.68+0.902026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest90d2 1 QC7.02 [6.87, 7.16]0.14-7.02 [-7.16, -6.87]7.02 [6.87, 7.16]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-3.68+0.902026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest365d2 1 QC7.02 [6.87, 7.16]0.14-7.02 [-7.16, -6.87]7.02 [6.87, 7.16]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-3.68+0.902026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearestall2 1 QC7.02 [6.87, 7.16]0.14-7.02 [-7.16, -6.87]7.02 [6.87, 7.16]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-3.68+0.902026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear30d2 1 QC7.61 [6.69, 8.53]0.92-7.61 [-8.53, -6.69]7.67 [6.69, 8.53]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-4.08+0.392026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear90d2 1 QC7.61 [6.69, 8.53]0.92-7.61 [-8.53, -6.69]7.67 [6.69, 8.53]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-4.08+0.392026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear365d2 1 QC7.61 [6.69, 8.53]0.92-7.61 [-8.53, -6.69]7.67 [6.69, 8.53]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-4.08+0.392026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinearall2 1 QC7.61 [6.69, 8.53]0.92-7.61 [-8.53, -6.69]7.67 [6.69, 8.53]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-4.08+0.392026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest30d2 1 QC8.11 [7.54, 8.67]0.57-8.11 [-8.67, -7.54]8.13 [7.54, 8.67]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-4.40+0.622026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest90d2 1 QC8.11 [7.54, 8.67]0.57-8.11 [-8.67, -7.54]8.13 [7.54, 8.67]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-4.40+0.622026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest365d2 1 QC8.11 [7.54, 8.67]0.57-8.11 [-8.67, -7.54]8.13 [7.54, 8.67]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-4.40+0.622026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearestall2 1 QC8.11 [7.54, 8.67]0.57-8.11 [-8.67, -7.54]8.13 [7.54, 8.67]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-4.40+0.622026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear30d2 1 QC1.01 [0.98, 1.03]1.01+0.02 [-0.98, 1.03]1.01 [0.98, 1.03]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.80+0.662026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear90d2 1 QC1.01 [0.98, 1.03]1.01+0.02 [-0.98, 1.03]1.01 [0.98, 1.03]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.80+0.662026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear365d2 1 QC1.01 [0.98, 1.03]1.01+0.02 [-0.98, 1.03]1.01 [0.98, 1.03]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.80+0.662026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinearall2 1 QC1.01 [0.98, 1.03]1.01+0.02 [-0.98, 1.03]1.01 [0.98, 1.03]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.80+0.662026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest30d2 1 QC1.07 [0.82, 1.32]1.07-0.25 [-1.32, 0.82]1.10 [0.82, 1.32]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.79+0.642026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest90d2 1 QC1.07 [0.82, 1.32]1.07-0.25 [-1.32, 0.82]1.10 [0.82, 1.32]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.79+0.642026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest365d2 1 QC1.07 [0.82, 1.32]1.07-0.25 [-1.32, 0.82]1.10 [0.82, 1.32]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.79+0.642026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearestall2 1 QC1.07 [0.82, 1.32]1.07-0.25 [-1.32, 0.82]1.10 [0.82, 1.32]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.79+0.642026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear30d2 1 QC1.02 [0.26, 1.79]1.02-0.77 [-1.79, 0.26]1.28 [0.26, 1.79]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.80+0.662026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear90d2 1 QC1.02 [0.26, 1.79]1.02-0.77 [-1.79, 0.26]1.28 [0.26, 1.79]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.80+0.662026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear365d2 1 QC1.02 [0.26, 1.79]1.02-0.77 [-1.79, 0.26]1.28 [0.26, 1.79]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.80+0.662026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinearall2 1 QC1.02 [0.26, 1.79]1.02-0.77 [-1.79, 0.26]1.28 [0.26, 1.79]50% [0%, 100%]100%100%+0.80+0.662026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest30d2 1 QC1.13 [0.04, 2.21]1.13-1.09 [-2.21, 0.04]1.57 [0.04, 2.21]50% [0%, 100%]50%100%+0.77+0.622026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest90d2 1 QC1.13 [0.04, 2.21]1.13-1.09 [-2.21, 0.04]1.57 [0.04, 2.21]50% [0%, 100%]50%100%+0.77+0.622026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest365d2 1 QC1.13 [0.04, 2.21]1.13-1.09 [-2.21, 0.04]1.57 [0.04, 2.21]50% [0%, 100%]50%100%+0.77+0.622026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearestall2 1 QC1.13 [0.04, 2.21]1.13-1.09 [-2.21, 0.04]1.57 [0.04, 2.21]50% [0%, 100%]50%100%+0.77+0.622026-08-29 → 2026-08-30

+ model too warm · − model too cold · bias interval includes zero · ★ lowest MAE · = not distinguishable from the leader · ▼ significantly worse · n < 30 greyed and unranked · CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval.

Daily error, last 90 days

Daily forecast minus observed error in °F for Aurora (IFS init) at KMSP, lead day 1, 00Z bilinear tmax+10+50-5-102026-08-29: -6.97 °F2026-08-30: -6.12 °F2026-08-292026-08-30°F, forecast − observed
Forecast − observed, °F, 00Z bilinear daily maximum. The dashed line is zero; the thick line is a centred 7-day mean, drawn only where the whole window is present. Gaps are days with no score, never interpolation. Hover a point for its date and value.
The same series as a table (2 days, newest first) · download CSV
Climatological dayError °F
2026-08-30-6.12
2026-08-29-6.97

Error distribution

Distribution of the signed daily error in °F for Aurora (IFS init) at KMSP, lead day 1-10 to -9 °F: 0 days-9 to -8 °F: 0 days-8 to -7 °F: 0 days-7 to -6 °F: 2 days-6 to -5 °F: 0 days-5 to -4 °F: 0 days-4 to -3 °F: 0 days-3 to -2 °F: 0 days-2 to -1 °F: 0 days-1 to 0 °F: 0 days0 to 1 °F: 0 days1 to 2 °F: 0 days2 to 3 °F: 0 days3 to 4 °F: 0 days4 to 5 °F: 0 days5 to 6 °F: 0 days6 to 7 °F: 0 days7 to 8 °F: 0 days8 to 9 °F: 0 days9 to 10 °F: 0 daysdashed: P50 |e| 6.55 · P90 |e| 6.89 °F-100+10 °Fn = 2 days
All scored days for 00Z bilinear daily maximum, 20 equal bins. The dashed marks are the 50th and 90th percentiles of the absolute error, mirrored on both sides. Hover a bar for its bin and count.
Bin counts as a table
From °FTo °FDays
-10.00-9.000
-9.00-8.000
-8.00-7.000
-7.00-6.002
-6.00-5.000
-5.00-4.000
-4.00-3.000
-3.00-2.000
-2.00-1.000
-1.00+0.000
+0.00+1.000
+1.00+2.000
+2.00+3.000
+3.00+4.000
+4.00+5.000
+5.00+6.000
+6.00+7.000
+7.00+8.000
+8.00+9.000
+9.00+10.000

Month by month

00Z bilinear daily maximum, newest first.

Monthn MAE °FBias °F
2026-0826.55 -6.55

Availability

ModelScored period DaysCoverage
Aurora (IFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2
Aurora (IFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2
Aurora (IFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2
Aurora (IFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2

Compared with other models

Paired bootstrap on the days both models cover (90d, 00Z, bilinear, daily maximum). Negative means Aurora (IFS init) has the lower MAE. "Distinguishable" means the 95 % interval excludes zero.

Other modelCommon days MAE difference °FDistinguishable
ECMWF AIFS Single 2 +1.44 [0.44, 2.45] yes
Aurora (GFS init) 1 -1.99 [-1.99, -1.99] yes
FourCastNet v2 (GFS init) 1 +0.11 [0.11, 0.11] yes
FourCastNet v2 (IFS init) 2 +0.13 [-0.01, 0.27] no
NCEP GFS 2 +2.92 [2.65, 3.19] yes
GraphCast (GFS init) 1 -1.48 [-1.48, -1.48] yes
GraphCast (IFS init) 2 -0.54 [-1.16, 0.09] no
ECMWF IFS HRES 2 +2.19 [1.70, 2.67] yes
Pangu-Weather (GFS init) 1 +5.58 [5.58, 5.58] yes
Pangu-Weather (IFS init) 2 +1.98 [0.04, 3.92] yes
Persistence (baseline) 2 +5.05 [3.12, 6.97] yes

Cite this page

ShortCastCheck, KMSP aurora_ifs lead 1, methodology v0.2, accessed 2026-08-31, https://castcheck.zifanzhang.com/station/KMSP/model/aurora_ifs/lead/1/

LongCastCheck (2026). Station-level verification of raw weather-model 2 m temperature forecasts: KMSP (Minneapolis-St Paul), model aurora_ifs, lead day 1. Methodology version 0.2, schema version 0.1, data through 2026-08-30. Accessed 2026-08-31. https://castcheck.zifanzhang.com/station/KMSP/model/aurora_ifs/lead/1/

Accessed2026-08-31 (data through 2026-08-30; page built 2026-08-31T03:52:06+00:00)

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