Model
GraphCast (IFS init)
graphcast_ifs
source aiwp · product GRAP · initial conditions from IFS · steps every 6 h to 240 h · initializations 0, 12 UTC. Scores use the latest model version segment, GRAP_v100, starting 2026-01-01. Earlier days ran a different version of the model and are excluded rather than silently pooled into the same average.
Instantaneous temperature — MAE °F by stationt2
Scored against the observed 2 m temperature at the same instant (ASOS routine METAR). This is the headline variable: the same four instants on the forecast and the observation side. These pages are always bilinear interpolation, the headline method. The nearest-node variant, and every other window/initialization/interpolation/variable combination, is published on each permanent link below — follow any number.
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 2.97−2.78 · n=29 | 2.64−2.29 · n=29 | 2.53−2.14 · n=29 | 2.66−1.89 · n=29 | 2.77−1.23 · n=29 | 3.10−0.78 · n=29 | 3.78−0.53 · n=29 | 4.18−0.69 · n=29 | 5.42−0.97 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 3.52−1.02 · n=29 | 3.52−1.25 · n=29 | 3.60−1.15 · n=29 | 3.67−0.77 · n=29 | 4.11−0.19 · n=29 | 4.58−0.07 · n=29 | 5.26−0.28 · n=29 | 6.10−0.26 · n=29 | 6.65−0.98 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 2.65−2.38 · n=28 | 2.47−2.02 · n=28 | 2.78−2.07 · n=28 | 2.68−1.63 · n=28 | 3.13−1.81 · n=28 | 3.65−1.05 · n=28 | 4.45−0.94 · n=28 | 4.82−0.27 · n=28 | 5.48−0.97 · n=28 | |
| KDCA | — | 2.58−2.32 · n=29 | 2.36−1.93 · n=29 | 2.41−1.88 · n=29 | 2.92−1.89 · n=29 | 3.08−2.18 · n=29 | 3.62−1.80 · n=29 | 4.75−1.44 · n=29 | 4.95−1.85 · n=29 | 6.13−1.31 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 2.57−1.48 · n=29 | 2.78−1.63 · n=29 | 3.11−1.79 · n=29 | 3.57−2.20 · n=29 | 4.61−2.71 · n=29 | 5.91−2.80 · n=29 | 6.94−2.70 · n=29 | 7.17−3.04 · n=29 | 9.28−4.89 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 3.33−3.16 · n=29 | 3.83−3.64 · n=29 | 3.87−3.71 · n=29 | 3.76−3.35 · n=29 | 3.91−3.13 · n=29 | 4.15−2.84 · n=29 | 5.15−3.37 · n=29 | 5.98−3.65 · n=29 | 6.68−4.04 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 2.85−2.53 · n=29 | 2.76−2.36 · n=29 | 2.90−2.33 · n=29 | 2.93−2.28 · n=29 | 3.05−2.43 · n=29 | 3.35−2.24 · n=29 | 4.53−2.25 · n=29 | 5.03−2.07 · n=29 | 5.44−1.92 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 2.76−1.79 · n=29 | 2.81−1.91 · n=29 | 2.83−1.81 · n=29 | 3.01−1.67 · n=29 | 3.06−1.23 · n=29 | 3.80−0.90 · n=29 | 4.24−1.09 · n=29 | 4.47−1.08 · n=29 | 5.42−1.96 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 3.72−3.64 · n=29 | 3.48−3.28 · n=29 | 3.36−3.10 · n=29 | 3.29−2.76 · n=29 | 3.57−2.35 · n=29 | 4.19−2.11 · n=29 | 4.70−1.38 · n=29 | 5.01−2.09 · n=29 | 5.22−2.07 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 2.68−2.24 · n=29 | 2.97−2.62 · n=29 | 3.04−2.67 · n=29 | 3.17−2.77 · n=29 | 3.72−2.61 · n=29 | 3.81−2.21 · n=29 | 4.17−1.90 · n=29 | 4.39−1.38 · n=29 | 4.89−1.64 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 2.33−1.92 · n=29 | 2.44−1.96 · n=29 | 2.64−2.15 · n=29 | 2.80−2.17 · n=29 | 3.04−2.20 · n=29 | 3.16−2.07 · n=29 | 2.98−1.93 · n=29 | 3.00−1.96 · n=29 | 3.21−2.11 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 2.92−2.36 · n=29 | 2.72−1.93 · n=29 | 2.91−1.53 · n=29 | 3.10−1.67 · n=29 | 3.88−2.43 · n=29 | 4.70−2.95 · n=29 | 6.31−3.83 · n=29 | 6.21−3.34 · n=29 | 7.19−4.31 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 2.61−1.96 · n=29 | 2.68−2.10 · n=29 | 2.66−2.09 · n=29 | 2.61−1.94 · n=29 | 2.89−1.45 · n=29 | 3.47−0.76 · n=29 | 3.94−0.58 · n=29 | 4.25−0.64 · n=29 | 4.83−0.80 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 3.11−2.06 · n=28 | 3.07−1.93 · n=28 | 3.06−1.91 · n=28 | 3.29−1.88 · n=28 | 3.37−2.01 · n=28 | 3.61−1.77 · n=28 | 4.56−1.80 · n=28 | 4.73−1.62 · n=28 | 5.19−1.50 · n=28 | |
| KOKC | — | 2.85−0.39 · n=29 | 2.97−0.80 · n=29 | 3.06−0.78 · n=29 | 3.16−0.55 · n=29 | 3.49−0.40 · n=29 | 5.30−0.82 · n=29 | 5.95−1.39 · n=29 | 6.33−1.56 · n=29 | 6.00−1.70 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 2.74−2.41 · n=29 | 2.76−2.25 · n=29 | 3.03−2.20 · n=29 | 3.35−2.33 · n=29 | 3.20−1.50 · n=29 | 4.38−1.93 · n=29 | 5.19−2.01 · n=29 | 5.80−2.10 · n=29 | 6.80−2.43 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 3.32−2.94 · n=29 | 3.12−2.73 · n=29 | 3.10−2.71 · n=29 | 3.30−2.62 · n=29 | 3.55−2.83 · n=29 | 3.79−2.60 · n=29 | 4.84−2.48 · n=29 | 5.67−2.55 · n=29 | 6.13−2.13 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 4.12−3.80 · n=29 | 4.34−3.94 · n=29 | 4.22−3.90 · n=29 | 4.25−3.42 · n=29 | 4.58−3.01 · n=29 | 4.74−2.36 · n=29 | 5.54−1.93 · n=29 | 6.27−1.80 · n=29 | 6.05−2.33 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 3.11−2.33 · n=29 | 3.28−2.52 · n=29 | 3.32−2.52 · n=29 | 3.51−2.57 · n=29 | 3.87−2.61 · n=29 | 3.98−2.38 · n=29 | 4.23−2.19 · n=29 | 4.55−1.88 · n=29 | 4.74−1.83 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 2.21−1.50 · n=29 | 2.35−1.63 · n=29 | 2.49−1.65 · n=29 | 2.51−1.35 · n=29 | 3.05−0.89 · n=29 | 3.65−0.89 · n=29 | 4.12−0.98 · n=29 | 4.56−0.76 · n=29 | 5.38−1.55 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 2.34−1.57 · n=29 | 2.33−1.40 · n=29 | 2.25−1.11 · n=29 | 2.35−0.72 · n=29 | 2.61−0.74 · n=29 | 2.68−1.04 · n=29 | 3.13−1.32 · n=29 | 3.35−1.11 · n=29 | 3.83−0.70 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 2.50−0.72 · n=29 | 2.70−0.69 · n=29 | 2.75−0.87 · n=29 | 2.84−1.07 · n=29 | 3.18−1.23 · n=29 | 3.45−1.48 · n=29 | 3.66−1.86 · n=29 | 3.75−1.20 · n=29 | 4.06−0.86 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 1.76+0.37 · n=29 | 1.84+0.58 · n=29 | 2.01+0.62 · n=29 | 2.33+0.68 · n=29 | 2.43+0.49 · n=29 | 3.02+0.75 · n=29 | 4.31+0.72 · n=29 | 4.96+0.87 · n=29 | 5.80+1.19 · n=29 |
+ model too warm − model too cold bias interval includes zero ★ lowest MAE among ranked models (n ≥ 30) = not distinguishable from the leader ▼ worse than the leader ▲ better than the leader — all three Holm-corrected within this table, over the family of comparisons against the leader; the uncorrected verdict for every pair is published in the pairwise table of each permanent link and in pairwise_latest.csv.gzn < 30 greyed and unranked CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval on the group's own days, and reads — when it could not be computed skill reads — when fewer than 10 days are common to the model and the baseline: the ratio of two means over a handful of shared days is not a number worth printing
Sampled daily maximum — MAE °F by stationtmax_s
Scored against the maximum of the four *observed* samples on the same day.
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 1.43−1.15 · n=29 | 1.28−0.68 · n=29 | 1.38−0.53 · n=29 | 1.80−0.29 · n=29 | 2.05+0.70 · n=29 | 2.44+0.53 · n=29 | 3.81−0.16 · n=29 | 5.15−0.62 · n=29 | 6.45−1.50 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 3.18−2.84 · n=29 | 3.49−3.20 · n=29 | 3.49−3.26 · n=29 | 3.25−2.94 · n=29 | 3.39−2.59 · n=29 | 3.93−2.74 · n=29 | 4.66−3.03 · n=29 | 5.61−2.84 · n=29 | 6.53−3.65 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 1.52−0.73 · n=28 | 1.51−0.40 · n=28 | 2.19−0.54 · n=28 | 2.31+0.37 · n=28 | 3.19−0.59 · n=28 | 4.09+1.36 · n=28 | 5.33+0.88 · n=28 | 4.95+0.78 · n=28 | 5.80−0.36 · n=28 | |
| KDCA | — | 1.97−1.24 · n=29 | 1.73−1.06 · n=29 | 1.87−1.27 · n=29 | 2.49−1.10 · n=29 | 2.29−1.10 · n=29 | 3.26+0.19 · n=29 | 5.27−0.40 · n=29 | 5.05−1.17 · n=29 | 7.03−0.74 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 2.20−1.64 · n=29 | 2.62−1.89 · n=29 | 3.16−2.12 · n=29 | 3.54−2.45 · n=29 | 4.55−2.93 · n=29 | 6.05−2.81 · n=29 | 7.64−2.10 · n=29 | 7.68−2.98 · n=29 | 10.72−4.81 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 2.96−2.95 · n=29 | 3.62−3.48 · n=29 | 3.63−3.52 · n=29 | 3.72−3.16 · n=29 | 3.83−3.00 · n=29 | 3.93−2.88 · n=29 | 5.85−4.13 · n=29 | 6.41−4.37 · n=29 | 6.30−4.21 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 2.36−2.01 · n=29 | 2.12−1.86 · n=29 | 2.50−1.95 · n=29 | 2.36−1.72 · n=29 | 2.44−2.00 · n=29 | 2.70−0.89 · n=29 | 4.75−1.75 · n=29 | 4.88−1.80 · n=29 | 5.21−1.99 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 3.74−2.91 · n=29 | 3.88−3.07 · n=29 | 3.87−3.03 · n=29 | 3.80−2.70 · n=29 | 3.78−2.47 · n=29 | 4.59−2.92 · n=29 | 5.21−3.57 · n=29 | 5.38−3.58 · n=29 | 5.54−4.69 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 4.31−4.27 · n=29 | 3.93−3.73 · n=29 | 3.82−3.50 · n=29 | 3.65−3.25 · n=29 | 4.37−2.55 · n=29 | 5.10−2.12 · n=29 | 5.95−1.19 · n=29 | 5.81−1.94 · n=29 | 6.33−2.01 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 3.98−3.76 · n=29 | 4.34−4.17 · n=29 | 4.30−4.10 · n=29 | 4.48−4.34 · n=29 | 5.11−4.23 · n=29 | 4.68−3.80 · n=29 | 5.28−3.28 · n=29 | 5.24−2.73 · n=29 | 6.13−3.05 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 1.61−0.58 · n=29 | 1.64−0.41 · n=29 | 1.97−0.65 · n=29 | 2.06−0.51 · n=29 | 2.28−0.58 · n=29 | 2.55−0.53 · n=29 | 2.37−0.19 · n=29 | 2.36−0.27 · n=29 | 2.81−0.75 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 2.45−1.99 · n=29 | 2.22−1.67 · n=29 | 2.40−1.42 · n=29 | 2.68−1.68 · n=29 | 3.74−1.88 · n=29 | 4.20−2.33 · n=29 | 6.12−3.34 · n=29 | 6.14−2.53 · n=29 | 7.01−4.50 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 2.34−2.13 · n=29 | 2.43−2.10 · n=29 | 2.50−2.22 · n=29 | 2.44−2.01 · n=29 | 2.31−1.58 · n=29 | 3.27−1.41 · n=29 | 3.55−1.83 · n=29 | 3.50−2.12 · n=29 | 3.73−2.44 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 1.88+1.54 · n=28 | 1.80+1.61 · n=28 | 1.91+1.48 · n=28 | 2.31+1.75 · n=28 | 2.48+1.27 · n=28 | 3.04+2.39 · n=28 | 4.46+1.57 · n=28 | 3.90+1.35 · n=28 | 4.60+1.23 · n=28 | |
| KOKC | — | 2.97−2.10 · n=29 | 3.50−2.59 · n=29 | 3.75−2.65 · n=29 | 3.71−2.51 · n=29 | 3.88−2.36 · n=29 | 5.47−2.53 · n=29 | 6.14−4.25 · n=29 | 6.19−3.60 · n=29 | 5.63−3.53 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 1.77−1.56 · n=29 | 1.99−1.51 · n=29 | 2.01−1.50 · n=29 | 2.71−1.78 · n=29 | 2.81−0.82 · n=29 | 3.90−2.38 · n=29 | 4.74−2.23 · n=29 | 4.32−1.87 · n=29 | 5.95−3.13 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 2.47−1.23 · n=29 | 2.11−1.14 · n=29 | 2.17−1.33 · n=29 | 2.27−1.27 · n=29 | 2.63−1.37 · n=29 | 2.78−0.02 · n=29 | 4.62−0.85 · n=29 | 5.27−1.22 · n=29 | 6.12−0.80 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 3.82−3.62 · n=29 | 3.91−3.66 · n=29 | 3.74−3.64 · n=29 | 3.47−3.10 · n=29 | 4.01−2.46 · n=29 | 3.91−1.58 · n=29 | 5.18−0.96 · n=29 | 5.74−0.60 · n=29 | 5.18−1.16 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 4.84−4.84 · n=29 | 5.13−5.13 · n=29 | 5.10−5.10 · n=29 | 5.34−5.30 · n=29 | 5.81−5.28 · n=29 | 5.53−5.01 · n=29 | 5.86−4.65 · n=29 | 6.02−4.29 · n=29 | 6.15−4.31 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 2.20−2.10 · n=29 | 2.42−2.33 · n=29 | 2.62−2.54 · n=29 | 2.48−2.30 · n=29 | 2.68−2.06 · n=29 | 3.64−2.24 · n=29 | 4.06−2.35 · n=29 | 4.65−1.99 · n=29 | 5.25−2.71 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 3.01−3.00 · n=29 | 2.89−2.89 · n=29 | 2.57−2.49 · n=29 | 2.64−2.16 · n=29 | 3.12−2.59 · n=29 | 3.17−2.98 · n=29 | 3.68−2.65 · n=29 | 3.52−2.13 · n=29 | 4.34−1.45 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 3.60−2.55 · n=29 | 3.68−2.52 · n=29 | 3.73−2.76 · n=29 | 4.25−2.92 · n=29 | 4.59−3.09 · n=29 | 4.86−3.50 · n=29 | 5.17−3.83 · n=29 | 4.92−2.73 · n=29 | 5.30−2.48 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 1.51+0.41 · n=29 | 1.28+0.52 · n=29 | 1.49+0.42 · n=29 | 1.75+0.49 · n=29 | 1.86+0.34 · n=29 | 2.58+1.67 · n=29 | 4.43+0.71 · n=29 | 4.53+0.66 · n=29 | 5.78+0.79 · n=29 |
Sampled daily minimum — MAE °F by stationtmin_s
Scored against the minimum of the four *observed* samples on the same day.
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 2.63−2.42 · n=29 | 2.19−1.99 · n=29 | 2.07−1.77 · n=29 | 2.00−1.58 · n=29 | 2.40−1.14 · n=29 | 2.81−0.34 · n=29 | 3.57+0.54 · n=29 | 3.46+0.38 · n=29 | 4.81+0.79 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 3.09+2.28 · n=29 | 3.01+1.98 · n=29 | 3.23+2.13 · n=29 | 3.66+2.55 · n=29 | 4.58+3.43 · n=29 | 5.33+4.02 · n=29 | 6.01+3.86 · n=29 | 6.04+3.56 · n=29 | 6.15+3.02 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 2.59−2.55 · n=28 | 2.33−2.16 · n=28 | 2.62−2.08 · n=28 | 2.32−1.84 · n=28 | 2.33−1.56 · n=28 | 2.70−1.52 · n=28 | 3.62−1.07 · n=28 | 4.12−0.14 · n=28 | 4.82−0.19 · n=28 | |
| KDCA | — | 1.84−1.75 · n=29 | 1.55−1.30 · n=29 | 1.58−1.08 · n=29 | 2.11−1.00 · n=29 | 2.31−1.72 · n=29 | 3.04−1.78 · n=29 | 3.83−0.82 · n=29 | 4.12−1.40 · n=29 | 5.58−0.64 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 2.60−1.73 · n=29 | 2.51−1.77 · n=29 | 2.81−1.93 · n=29 | 3.66−2.57 · n=29 | 4.46−2.83 · n=29 | 4.67−3.19 · n=29 | 5.04−3.61 · n=29 | 5.64−3.85 · n=29 | 6.95−5.39 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 2.12−2.00 · n=29 | 2.58−2.47 · n=29 | 2.67−2.62 · n=29 | 2.33−2.23 · n=29 | 2.53−1.91 · n=29 | 3.54−1.29 · n=29 | 3.88−1.21 · n=29 | 4.93−1.89 · n=29 | 6.47−2.44 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 1.47−1.10 · n=29 | 1.50−1.03 · n=29 | 1.66−0.92 · n=29 | 1.98−1.05 · n=29 | 1.83−1.11 · n=29 | 2.58−1.32 · n=29 | 3.20−1.04 · n=29 | 4.01−0.79 · n=29 | 5.06−0.07 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 1.89−0.26 · n=29 | 1.95−0.43 · n=29 | 1.74−0.24 · n=29 | 2.25−0.24 · n=29 | 2.12+0.33 · n=29 | 3.32+1.30 · n=29 | 3.96+1.53 · n=29 | 4.27+1.55 · n=29 | 6.21+0.25 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 3.33−3.31 · n=29 | 3.17−3.09 · n=29 | 3.02−2.86 · n=29 | 2.72−2.56 · n=29 | 2.66−2.32 · n=29 | 3.04−2.10 · n=29 | 3.13−1.60 · n=29 | 3.90−2.20 · n=29 | 4.15−2.19 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 1.33−0.66 · n=29 | 1.53−1.04 · n=29 | 1.59−1.18 · n=29 | 1.83−1.20 · n=29 | 2.23−1.06 · n=29 | 2.64−0.89 · n=29 | 2.93−0.83 · n=29 | 3.39−0.30 · n=29 | 2.87−0.27 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 2.08−1.96 · n=29 | 2.17−2.03 · n=29 | 2.26−2.13 · n=29 | 2.48−2.24 · n=29 | 2.91−2.22 · n=29 | 3.00−2.07 · n=29 | 2.86−1.97 · n=29 | 2.96−1.97 · n=29 | 3.00−1.97 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 2.12−1.73 · n=29 | 1.72−1.17 · n=29 | 2.10−0.77 · n=29 | 2.47−0.55 · n=29 | 3.03−1.61 · n=29 | 4.39−2.08 · n=29 | 5.87−3.17 · n=29 | 5.46−2.64 · n=29 | 6.24−3.10 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 2.12−0.93 · n=29 | 2.04−1.05 · n=29 | 2.13−1.02 · n=29 | 2.04−0.95 · n=29 | 2.56−0.37 · n=29 | 3.35+0.79 · n=29 | 4.23+1.55 · n=29 | 4.88+1.47 · n=29 | 5.45+1.20 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 2.81−2.60 · n=28 | 2.81−2.54 · n=28 | 2.79−2.48 · n=28 | 3.40−2.69 · n=28 | 3.15−2.59 · n=28 | 3.50−2.60 · n=28 | 3.74−2.48 · n=28 | 4.40−2.13 · n=28 | 5.20−1.47 · n=28 | |
| KOKC | — | 2.47+1.02 · n=29 | 2.39+0.70 · n=29 | 2.62+0.90 · n=29 | 2.83+1.23 · n=29 | 3.18+1.57 · n=29 | 4.87+1.18 · n=29 | 6.07+0.99 · n=29 | 6.67+0.43 · n=29 | 6.39+0.03 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 1.94−1.79 · n=29 | 2.04−1.50 · n=29 | 2.33−1.51 · n=29 | 2.45−1.59 · n=29 | 2.81−0.80 · n=29 | 4.19−0.32 · n=29 | 4.81−0.78 · n=29 | 6.16−1.19 · n=29 | 6.51−0.76 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 2.55−2.54 · n=29 | 2.41−2.38 · n=29 | 2.51−2.28 · n=29 | 2.80−2.16 · n=29 | 2.86−2.62 · n=29 | 3.58−2.89 · n=29 | 3.76−2.30 · n=29 | 4.88−2.40 · n=29 | 5.97−1.72 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 4.76−4.71 · n=29 | 4.89−4.80 · n=29 | 4.92−4.92 · n=29 | 4.74−4.63 · n=29 | 4.67−4.19 · n=29 | 4.87−4.02 · n=29 | 5.23−3.85 · n=29 | 6.22−3.64 · n=29 | 6.62−4.23 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 1.90+0.65 · n=29 | 1.82+0.48 · n=29 | 1.76+0.51 · n=29 | 2.02+0.54 · n=29 | 2.11+0.63 · n=29 | 2.59+0.68 · n=29 | 2.68+0.64 · n=29 | 3.20+1.03 · n=29 | 3.50+1.23 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 1.34+0.42 · n=29 | 1.40+0.22 · n=29 | 1.66+0.24 · n=29 | 1.82+0.57 · n=29 | 2.87+1.45 · n=29 | 3.44+1.62 · n=29 | 4.06+1.64 · n=29 | 4.26+1.56 · n=29 | 4.95+0.74 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 1.54−0.92 · n=29 | 1.61−0.76 · n=29 | 1.54−0.48 · n=29 | 1.70−0.09 · n=29 | 1.98−0.02 · n=29 | 2.05−0.06 · n=29 | 2.45−0.63 · n=29 | 2.85−0.55 · n=29 | 3.25−1.07 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 1.98+0.38 · n=29 | 2.18+0.44 · n=29 | 2.24+0.45 · n=29 | 2.17+0.12 · n=29 | 2.49+0.10 · n=29 | 2.61−0.03 · n=29 | 2.68−0.45 · n=29 | 2.86−0.53 · n=29 | 3.02−0.04 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 1.96+1.65 · n=29 | 2.34+1.82 · n=29 | 2.62+1.91 · n=29 | 2.83+1.98 · n=29 | 2.41+1.62 · n=29 | 3.15+1.40 · n=29 | 3.96+1.75 · n=29 | 4.63+1.84 · n=29 | 5.87+2.60 · n=29 |
Against the NWS daily extremes (secondary)
This comparison scores four 6-hourly forecast samples against the true daily extreme, so it includes a sampling penalty. The size of that penalty depends on each model's own diurnal amplitude, which is one of the things this site measures, so these numbers are published for operational relevance and are never used for ranking.
Daily maximum vs NWS CLI
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 3.84−3.84 · n=29 | 3.42−3.37 · n=29 | 3.25−3.22 · n=29 | 3.74−2.98 · n=29 | 3.47−1.99 · n=29 | 3.66−2.16 · n=29 | 4.84−2.85 · n=29 | 6.24−3.31 · n=29 | 7.23−4.19 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 7.25−7.25 · n=29 | 7.61−7.61 · n=29 | 7.67−7.67 · n=29 | 7.35−7.35 · n=29 | 7.03−7.00 · n=29 | 7.30−7.16 · n=29 | 8.01−7.45 · n=29 | 8.67−7.25 · n=29 | 9.78−8.06 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 2.73−2.34 · n=29 | 2.46−2.00 · n=29 | 2.95−2.17 · n=29 | 2.82−1.46 · n=29 | 3.88−2.43 · n=29 | 4.15−0.34 · n=29 | 5.62−0.87 · n=29 | 5.38−0.92 · n=29 | 6.21−1.91 · n=29 | |
| KDCA | — | 3.20−3.06 · n=29 | 2.90−2.88 · n=29 | 3.11−3.09 · n=29 | 3.27−2.93 · n=29 | 3.49−2.92 · n=29 | 3.38−1.63 · n=29 | 5.93−2.22 · n=29 | 5.91−3.00 · n=29 | 7.61−2.56 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 6.68−6.68 · n=29 | 6.95−6.93 · n=29 | 7.17−7.16 · n=29 | 7.61−7.48 · n=29 | 8.76−7.97 · n=29 | 8.96−7.85 · n=29 | 10.39−7.13 · n=29 | 10.75−8.01 · n=29 | 13.74−9.84 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 6.40−6.40 · n=29 | 6.93−6.93 · n=29 | 6.97−6.97 · n=29 | 6.85−6.61 · n=29 | 6.83−6.45 · n=29 | 6.56−6.33 · n=29 | 8.38−7.58 · n=29 | 9.03−7.82 · n=29 | 8.90−7.66 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 3.83−3.78 · n=29 | 3.67−3.63 · n=29 | 3.75−3.73 · n=29 | 3.74−3.50 · n=29 | 3.84−3.77 · n=29 | 3.74−2.66 · n=29 | 5.79−3.52 · n=29 | 5.51−3.58 · n=29 | 5.94−3.76 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 6.65−6.50 · n=29 | 6.84−6.66 · n=29 | 6.89−6.61 · n=29 | 6.74−6.29 · n=29 | 6.68−6.06 · n=29 | 6.90−6.51 · n=29 | 7.67−7.16 · n=29 | 7.81−7.17 · n=29 | 8.54−8.28 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 5.92−5.92 · n=29 | 5.37−5.37 · n=29 | 5.26−5.15 · n=29 | 4.91−4.90 · n=29 | 5.27−4.20 · n=29 | 6.01−3.77 · n=29 | 6.32−2.83 · n=29 | 6.34−3.59 · n=29 | 6.95−3.66 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 6.55−6.52 · n=29 | 6.95−6.93 · n=29 | 6.90−6.86 · n=29 | 7.11−7.10 · n=29 | 7.29−6.99 · n=29 | 6.84−6.56 · n=29 | 7.41−6.04 · n=29 | 7.38−5.49 · n=29 | 7.74−5.81 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 2.54−2.52 · n=29 | 2.37−2.34 · n=29 | 2.65−2.59 · n=29 | 2.62−2.44 · n=29 | 2.74−2.51 · n=29 | 2.66−2.46 · n=29 | 2.77−2.13 · n=29 | 2.64−2.21 · n=29 | 3.37−2.68 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 5.39−5.30 · n=29 | 5.12−4.98 · n=29 | 4.88−4.73 · n=29 | 5.33−4.99 · n=29 | 5.72−5.19 · n=29 | 6.28−5.65 · n=29 | 8.42−6.65 · n=29 | 7.47−5.85 · n=29 | 9.31−7.81 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 4.44−4.44 · n=29 | 4.41−4.41 · n=29 | 4.53−4.53 · n=29 | 4.32−4.32 · n=29 | 3.95−3.89 · n=29 | 4.44−3.72 · n=29 | 4.66−4.14 · n=29 | 4.73−4.43 · n=29 | 5.21−4.75 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 1.14−0.70 · n=29 | 1.16−0.57 · n=29 | 1.71−0.67 · n=29 | 1.83−0.36 · n=29 | 2.20−0.73 · n=29 | 2.45+0.48 · n=29 | 4.38−0.49 · n=29 | 4.18−0.49 · n=29 | 4.66−0.72 · n=29 | |
| KOKC | — | 5.36−5.27 · n=29 | 6.02−5.76 · n=29 | 6.27−5.82 · n=29 | 6.29−5.68 · n=29 | 6.33−5.53 · n=29 | 7.21−5.70 · n=29 | 8.33−7.42 · n=29 | 8.29−6.77 · n=29 | 7.62−6.70 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 3.90−3.83 · n=29 | 3.92−3.78 · n=29 | 4.09−3.77 · n=29 | 4.53−4.05 · n=29 | 3.92−3.09 · n=29 | 4.92−4.65 · n=29 | 5.91−4.50 · n=29 | 5.48−4.14 · n=29 | 7.18−5.40 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 3.31−3.13 · n=29 | 3.04−3.04 · n=29 | 3.35−3.23 · n=29 | 3.37−3.17 · n=29 | 3.74−3.26 · n=29 | 3.27−1.92 · n=29 | 5.69−2.75 · n=29 | 5.95−3.11 · n=29 | 6.81−2.70 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 6.28−6.28 · n=29 | 6.31−6.31 · n=29 | 6.30−6.30 · n=29 | 5.76−5.76 · n=29 | 5.57−5.11 · n=29 | 4.98−4.24 · n=29 | 5.99−3.62 · n=29 | 6.67−3.26 · n=29 | 6.44−3.81 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 7.26−7.26 · n=29 | 7.54−7.54 · n=29 | 7.52−7.52 · n=29 | 7.71−7.71 · n=29 | 8.01−7.70 · n=29 | 7.60−7.43 · n=29 | 7.63−7.06 · n=29 | 7.74−6.71 · n=29 | 7.65−6.72 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 5.71−5.71 · n=29 | 5.93−5.93 · n=29 | 6.14−6.14 · n=29 | 5.90−5.90 · n=29 | 5.81−5.66 · n=29 | 6.10−5.85 · n=29 | 6.60−5.95 · n=29 | 7.03−5.59 · n=29 | 7.93−6.31 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 4.47−4.47 · n=29 | 4.36−4.36 · n=29 | 4.02−3.96 · n=29 | 3.87−3.63 · n=29 | 4.37−4.06 · n=29 | 4.45−4.45 · n=29 | 4.61−4.12 · n=29 | 4.24−3.60 · n=29 | 4.71−2.92 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 6.29−6.29 · n=29 | 6.26−6.26 · n=29 | 6.51−6.51 · n=29 | 6.72−6.66 · n=29 | 6.84−6.84 · n=29 | 7.24−7.24 · n=29 | 7.98−7.58 · n=29 | 7.49−6.47 · n=29 | 7.24−6.22 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 1.89−1.52 · n=29 | 1.72−1.41 · n=29 | 2.02−1.51 · n=29 | 2.16−1.44 · n=29 | 2.41−1.60 · n=29 | 2.46−0.27 · n=29 | 4.91−1.23 · n=29 | 4.83−1.27 · n=29 | 5.72−1.14 · n=29 |
Daily minimum vs NWS CLI
| Station | d0 | d1 | d2 | d3 | d4 | d5 | d6 | d7 | d8 | d9 | lead 1–9 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| KATL | — | 2.11−0.92 · n=29 | 1.72−0.49 · n=29 | 1.73−0.27 · n=29 | 1.63−0.08 · n=29 | 2.17+0.36 · n=29 | 2.74+1.16 · n=29 | 3.95+2.04 · n=29 | 3.73+1.88 · n=29 | 4.91+2.30 · n=29 | |
| KAUS | — | 4.25+3.99 · n=29 | 4.08+3.70 · n=29 | 4.33+3.85 · n=29 | 4.78+4.26 · n=29 | 5.59+5.14 · n=29 | 6.26+5.74 · n=29 | 7.23+5.58 · n=29 | 7.02+5.28 · n=29 | 6.71+4.74 · n=29 | |
| KBOS | — | 1.24−0.42 · n=29 | 1.45−0.03 · n=29 | 1.67+0.03 · n=29 | 1.75+0.27 · n=29 | 1.78+0.57 · n=29 | 2.35+0.36 · n=29 | 3.65+0.83 · n=29 | 4.98+1.72 · n=29 | 4.95+1.74 · n=29 | |
| KDCA | — | 1.13−0.11 · n=29 | 1.30+0.35 · n=29 | 1.67+0.56 · n=29 | 2.03+0.65 · n=29 | 1.64−0.07 · n=29 | 2.72−0.13 · n=29 | 3.82+0.83 · n=29 | 4.21+0.25 · n=29 | 5.73+1.01 · n=29 | |
| KDEN | — | 2.35+0.29 · n=29 | 2.18+0.25 · n=29 | 2.24+0.09 · n=29 | 2.76−0.56 · n=29 | 3.58−0.82 · n=29 | 3.59−1.18 · n=29 | 4.26−1.60 · n=29 | 4.76−1.84 · n=29 | 5.77−3.38 · n=29 | |
| KDFW | — | 1.76−0.13 · n=29 | 2.10−0.60 · n=29 | 2.17−0.75 · n=29 | 2.24−0.36 · n=29 | 2.60−0.04 · n=29 | 4.04+0.58 · n=29 | 4.55+0.66 · n=29 | 4.50−0.02 · n=29 | 5.75−0.57 · n=29 | |
| KEWR | — | 1.74+1.27 · n=29 | 1.98+1.34 · n=29 | 2.20+1.46 · n=29 | 2.06+1.32 · n=29 | 1.92+1.26 · n=29 | 2.05+1.06 · n=29 | 3.59+1.33 · n=29 | 4.42+1.58 · n=29 | 5.66+2.30 · n=29 | |
| KIAH | — | 2.55+1.72 · n=29 | 2.57+1.55 · n=29 | 2.66+1.74 · n=29 | 3.01+1.74 · n=29 | 3.43+2.31 · n=29 | 4.52+3.28 · n=29 | 4.88+3.51 · n=29 | 5.52+3.53 · n=29 | 5.85+2.23 · n=29 | |
| KLAS | — | 2.31−1.73 · n=29 | 2.24−1.50 · n=29 | 2.11−1.27 · n=29 | 1.89−0.98 · n=29 | 2.10−0.74 · n=29 | 2.36−0.52 · n=29 | 2.74−0.01 · n=29 | 3.17−0.62 · n=29 | 3.58−0.60 · n=29 | |
| KLAX | — | 1.39+1.08 · n=29 | 1.40+0.70 · n=29 | 1.35+0.55 · n=29 | 1.59+0.53 · n=29 | 2.16+0.68 · n=29 | 2.64+0.85 · n=29 | 2.89+0.91 · n=29 | 3.24+1.44 · n=29 | 3.35+1.47 · n=29 | |
| KMIA | — | 1.50−0.23 · n=29 | 1.60−0.30 · n=29 | 1.56−0.41 · n=29 | 1.76−0.51 · n=29 | 2.17−0.50 · n=29 | 2.45−0.34 · n=29 | 2.21−0.24 · n=29 | 2.29−0.24 · n=29 | 2.45−0.24 · n=29 | |
| KMSP | — | 2.01+0.51 · n=29 | 2.10+1.07 · n=29 | 2.36+1.47 · n=29 | 2.83+1.69 · n=29 | 2.67+0.63 · n=29 | 4.11+0.16 · n=29 | 5.42−0.93 · n=29 | 4.97−0.40 · n=29 | 5.27−0.86 · n=29 | |
| KMSY | — | 2.42+1.07 · n=29 | 2.21+0.95 · n=29 | 2.32+0.97 · n=29 | 2.46+1.05 · n=29 | 3.18+1.63 · n=29 | 4.27+2.78 · n=29 | 5.13+3.55 · n=29 | 6.16+3.47 · n=29 | 6.36+3.20 · n=29 | |
| KNYC | — | 2.14−1.18 · n=29 | 2.22−1.09 · n=29 | 2.31−1.02 · n=29 | 2.86−1.21 · n=29 | 2.69−1.13 · n=29 | 2.71−1.39 · n=29 | 3.17−1.05 · n=29 | 4.17−0.70 · n=29 | 4.80+0.04 · n=29 | |
| KOKC | — | 2.99+2.48 · n=29 | 2.78+2.16 · n=29 | 3.04+2.37 · n=29 | 3.30+2.69 · n=29 | 3.54+3.03 · n=29 | 5.13+2.64 · n=29 | 6.22+2.45 · n=29 | 6.73+1.89 · n=29 | 6.24+1.50 · n=29 | |
| KORD | — | 1.71−0.31 · n=29 | 1.98−0.01 · n=29 | 2.25−0.03 · n=29 | 2.82−0.11 · n=29 | 3.07+0.68 · n=29 | 4.24+1.16 · n=29 | 5.02+0.70 · n=29 | 6.19+0.29 · n=29 | 6.40+0.73 · n=29 | |
| KPHL | — | 1.28−0.57 · n=29 | 1.48−0.40 · n=29 | 1.82−0.30 · n=29 | 2.15−0.18 · n=29 | 1.93−0.65 · n=29 | 2.99−0.91 · n=29 | 3.53−0.32 · n=29 | 4.68−0.42 · n=29 | 5.79+0.26 · n=29 | |
| KPHX | — | 3.73−3.42 · n=29 | 3.94−3.51 · n=29 | 3.96−3.62 · n=29 | 3.72−3.33 · n=29 | 4.00−2.89 · n=29 | 4.17−2.73 · n=29 | 4.63−2.55 · n=29 | 5.90−2.34 · n=29 | 5.86−2.94 · n=29 | |
| KSAN | — | 2.67+2.54 · n=29 | 2.46+2.36 · n=29 | 2.56+2.40 · n=29 | 2.51+2.43 · n=29 | 2.79+2.52 · n=29 | 3.00+2.57 · n=29 | 3.14+2.53 · n=29 | 3.52+2.92 · n=29 | 4.06+3.12 · n=29 | |
| KSAT | — | 1.74+1.40 · n=29 | 1.74+1.20 · n=29 | 1.98+1.22 · n=29 | 2.26+1.55 · n=29 | 3.26+2.43 · n=29 | 3.79+2.60 · n=29 | 4.65+2.62 · n=29 | 4.59+2.53 · n=29 | 4.86+1.72 · n=29 | |
| KSEA | — | 1.47+0.91 · n=29 | 1.60+1.08 · n=29 | 1.81+1.36 · n=29 | 2.17+1.75 · n=29 | 2.50+1.81 · n=29 | 2.47+1.77 · n=29 | 2.54+1.21 · n=29 | 3.28+1.28 · n=29 | 3.18+0.76 · n=29 | |
| KSFO | — | 2.06+1.31 · n=29 | 2.33+1.37 · n=29 | 2.37+1.38 · n=29 | 2.21+1.05 · n=29 | 2.62+1.03 · n=29 | 2.58+0.90 · n=29 | 2.72+0.48 · n=29 | 2.76+0.40 · n=29 | 3.10+0.88 · n=29 | |
| KTTN | — | 4.73+4.71 · n=29 | 4.89+4.89 · n=29 | 5.18+4.97 · n=29 | 5.14+5.04 · n=29 | 4.88+4.69 · n=29 | 4.82+4.47 · n=29 | 5.91+4.82 · n=29 | 6.47+4.90 · n=29 | 7.47+5.66 · n=29 |
Month-by-month slices live on the canonical page: they do not depend on the window, initialization or interpolation selected here.
Source and licence
Where the numbers come from, what may be done with them, and what was — deliberately — not done to the forecast before scoring it.
Where it comes from
aiwp · GRAP · IFS initial conditions
Steps every 6 h to 240 h; sampled at 00/06/12/18 UTC only.
Licence
NOAA/CIRA AIWP, U.S. Government work, public domain. Cite Radford et al. (2025), BAMS, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0057.1.
Post-processing
None. Raw grid values, bilinear (headline) or nearest-node interpolation, no MOS, no bias correction, no downscaling.