CastCheck v0.3.1 · data through 2026-10-28

Daily verification · methodology v0.3.1

How far off was each weather model?

No group in this view yet has enough scored days to rank (n < 30). Every number below is still published, greyed out, with its sample size.

Scope: raw model output on the native 0.25° grid. This view scores the sampled daily maximum against the maximum of the four *observed* samples on the same day. Errors are computed in °C and shown in °F (methodology v0.3.1).

Window
the last 30 days
Variable
sampled daily maximum
Init
12Z
Interpolation
bilinear
Data through
2026-10-28
Updated
Next update

Leader, lead day 1

—

no ranked group with an interval yet

n < 30 everywhere

Persistence baseline

4.55°F

[3.82, 5.25]

the observation lead_day days earlier — the bar every model has to clear at its own lead

Scored days

29

23 stations · 12 systems

in the last 30 days, lead day 1

Systems ranked

0 of 12 ranked yetn < 30

next update

below n = 30: published, greyed, unranked

Mean absolute error with 95 % confidence intervals

Lead day 1 · the last 30 days · 23 stations pooled · 12Z · bilinear · sampled daily maximum. Whiskers are moving-block bootstrap intervals; models whose whiskers overlap are not distinguishable at this sample size. Baselines are drawn in grey and never ranked.

MAE by model with 95 % confidence intervals, lead day 1, 30d, 12Z, bilinear0246810mean absolute error, °FECMWF AIFS SingleECMWF AIFS Single: 1.82 °F1.82NCEP GFSNCEP GFS: 2.17 °F2.17Pangu-Weather (IFS init)Pangu-Weather (IFS init): 2.29 °F2.29ECMWF IFS HRESECMWF IFS HRES: 2.48 °F2.48Pangu-Weather (GFS init)Pangu-Weather (GFS init): 2.51 °F2.51Aurora (IFS init)Aurora (IFS init): 2.54 °F2.54GraphCast (GFS init)GraphCast (GFS init): 2.54 °F2.54FourCastNet v2 (GFS init)FourCastNet v2 (GFS init): 2.56 °F2.56FourCastNet v2 (IFS init)FourCastNet v2 (IFS init): 2.63 °F2.63GraphCast (IFS init)GraphCast (IFS init): 2.7 °F2.7Aurora (GFS init)Aurora (GFS init): 2.73 °F2.73Persistence (baseline)Persistence (baseline): 4.55 °F4.55

Source: CastCheck 0.3.3, methodology v0.3.1 · ECMWF open data, NOAA/NCEP GFS, NOAA/CIRA AIWP, NWS ASOS · data through 2026-10-28 · CC BY 4.0. Hover a bar for its value.

Lead day 1target = init + 1 d

permalink

The last 30 days, all 23 stations pooled, 12Z initialization, bilinear interpolation, sampled daily maximum against the maximum of the four *observed* samples on the same day. Lower MAE is better; bias is positive when the model is too warm. Every number links to its permanent page.

Skill is 1 − MAE ÷ MAE(persistence) computed on the days both have a value — the small print in that column is that denominator and the size of the intersection, so the number can be checked against the persistence row rather than contradicting it. The persistence row's own n is its whole record, marked all days. Skill, debiased (out-of-sample) repeats the score after removing a bias estimated on the 30 scored days before each day and applied forward, never on the day itself. An interval reads — when the bootstrap could not run: fewer than 28 scored days or fewer than 4 blocks. Hit-rate intervals are Wilson score intervals, not bootstraps. — in the rank column means fewer than 30 scored days, so the group is published but not ranked.

Lead day 1, the last 30 days, 12Z, bilinear, sampled daily maximum.
RankModelMAE °FBias °F±3 °F SkillSkill, debiased (out-of-sample) nvs leader
—ECMWF AIFS Singleaifs_single1.82[1.62, 2.01]−0.37[−0.52, −0.19]82% +0.60[+0.56, +0.64]vs 4.55 (n=29)+0.66n=29 2922.9 stns
—NCEP GFSgfs2.17[1.95, 2.40]−0.49[−0.70, −0.29]74% +0.52[+0.47, +0.57]vs 4.55 (n=29)+0.59n=29 2922.9 stns
—Pangu-Weather (IFS init)pangu_ifs2.29[2.04, 2.55]+0.20[−0.08, 0.42]72% +0.50[+0.45, +0.54]vs 4.55 (n=29)+0.61n=29 2922.9 stns
—ECMWF IFS HRESifs_hres2.48[2.32, 2.64]−1.47[−1.82, −1.14]68% +0.45[+0.37, +0.51]vs 4.55 (n=29)+0.58n=29 2922.9 stns
—Pangu-Weather (GFS init)pangu_gfs2.51—+0.20—65% +0.43—vs 4.42 (n=23)+0.57n=23 2323 stns
—Aurora (IFS init)aurora_ifs2.54[2.40, 2.73]−1.99[−2.14, −1.86]66% +0.44[+0.36, +0.50]vs 4.55 (n=29)+0.65n=29 2922.9 stns
—GraphCast (GFS init)graphcast_gfs2.54—−1.84—66% +0.42—vs 4.42 (n=23)+0.59n=23 2323 stns
—FourCastNet v2 (GFS init)fourcastnet_gfs2.56—−1.21—68% +0.42—vs 4.42 (n=23)+0.50n=23 2323 stns
—FourCastNet v2 (IFS init)fourcastnet_ifs2.63[2.32, 2.88]−1.38[−1.55, −1.22]66% +0.42[+0.38, +0.46]vs 4.55 (n=29)+0.51n=29 2922.9 stns
—GraphCast (IFS init)graphcast_ifs2.70[2.57, 2.86]−2.06[−2.22, −1.92]63% +0.41[+0.32, +0.47]vs 4.55 (n=29)+0.64n=29 2922.9 stns
—Aurora (GFS init)aurora_gfs2.73—−2.31—61% +0.38—vs 4.42 (n=23)+0.59n=23 2323 stns
—Persistence (baseline)persistence · baseline4.55[3.82, 5.25]+0.20[−0.27, 0.65]45% —— 29all days

+ model too warm − model too cold bias interval includes zero ★ lowest MAE among ranked models (n ≥ 30) = not distinguishable from the leader ▼ worse than the leader ▲ better than the leader — all three Holm-corrected within this table, over the family of comparisons against the leader; the uncorrected verdict for every pair is published in the pairwise table of each permanent link and in pairwise_latest.csv.gzn < 30 greyed and unranked CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval on the group's own days, and reads — when it could not be computed skill reads — when fewer than 10 days are common to the model and the baseline: the ratio of two means over a handful of shared days is not a number worth printing

Lead day 3target = init + 3 d

permalink

Same sampling as lead day 1. Skill is 1 − MAE ÷ MAE(persistence) on the days both have a value.

Lead day 3, the last 30 days, 12Z, bilinear, sampled daily maximum.
RankModelMAE °FBias °FSkillnvs leader
—ECMWF AIFS Singleaifs_single2.12[1.87, 2.37]−0.54[−0.76, −0.28]+0.72[+0.67, +0.78]vs 7.69 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—NCEP GFSgfs2.59[2.29, 2.85]−0.50[−0.92, −0.15]+0.66[+0.60, +0.72]vs 7.69 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—Pangu-Weather (IFS init)pangu_ifs2.68[2.34, 3.02]+0.23[−0.20, 0.60]+0.65[+0.59, +0.71]vs 7.69 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—FourCastNet v2 (IFS init)fourcastnet_ifs2.84[2.61, 3.03]−1.60[−1.89, −1.33]+0.63[+0.57, +0.69]vs 7.69 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—ECMWF IFS HRESifs_hres2.86[2.67, 3.04]−1.60[−2.09, −1.17]+0.63[+0.56, +0.68]vs 7.69 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—GraphCast (IFS init)graphcast_ifs2.88[2.74, 3.01]−2.10[−2.26, −1.92]+0.63[+0.56, +0.69]vs 7.69 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—FourCastNet v2 (GFS init)fourcastnet_gfs2.92—−1.59—+0.61—vs 7.56 (n=23)2322.9 stns
—Aurora (IFS init)aurora_ifs2.94[2.71, 3.19]−2.20[−2.53, −1.85]+0.62[+0.56, +0.66]vs 7.69 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—Pangu-Weather (GFS init)pangu_gfs2.95—+0.50—+0.61—vs 7.56 (n=23)2322.9 stns
—GraphCast (GFS init)graphcast_gfs2.97—−2.02—+0.61—vs 7.56 (n=23)2322.9 stns
—Aurora (GFS init)aurora_gfs3.52—−2.92—+0.53—vs 7.56 (n=23)2322.9 stns
—Persistence (baseline)persistence · baseline7.69[6.32, 9.38]+0.69[−0.38, 1.94]—29all days

Lead day 5target = init + 5 d

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Same sampling as lead day 1. Skill is 1 − MAE ÷ MAE(persistence) on the days both have a value.

Lead day 5, the last 30 days, 12Z, bilinear, sampled daily maximum.
RankModelMAE °FBias °FSkillnvs leader
—ECMWF AIFS Singleaifs_single2.77[2.42, 3.11]−0.62[−0.96, −0.31]+0.67[+0.60, +0.74]vs 8.48 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—GraphCast (IFS init)graphcast_ifs3.36[2.97, 3.69]−1.89[−2.18, −1.67]+0.60[+0.51, +0.68]vs 8.48 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—Aurora (IFS init)aurora_ifs3.45[3.02, 3.82]−2.02[−2.50, −1.62]+0.59[+0.53, +0.65]vs 8.48 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—NCEP GFSgfs3.55[2.91, 4.14]−0.54[−0.94, −0.13]+0.58[+0.48, +0.66]vs 8.48 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—Pangu-Weather (IFS init)pangu_ifs3.57[3.25, 3.96]+0.22[−0.39, 0.75]+0.58[+0.46, +0.67]vs 8.48 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—ECMWF IFS HRESifs_hres3.68[3.33, 4.02]−1.90[−2.49, −1.33]+0.57[+0.49, +0.63]vs 8.48 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—FourCastNet v2 (IFS init)fourcastnet_ifs3.74[3.20, 4.24]−1.96[−2.42, −1.41]+0.56[+0.48, +0.62]vs 8.48 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—GraphCast (GFS init)graphcast_gfs3.74—−2.37—+0.56—vs 8.49 (n=23)2323 stns
—Pangu-Weather (GFS init)pangu_gfs3.75—+0.38—+0.56—vs 8.49 (n=23)2323 stns
—FourCastNet v2 (GFS init)fourcastnet_gfs3.81—−1.97—+0.55—vs 8.49 (n=23)2323 stns
—Aurora (GFS init)aurora_gfs4.52—−3.58—+0.47—vs 8.49 (n=23)2323 stns
—Persistence (baseline)persistence · baseline8.48[6.77, 10.24]+1.15[−0.48, 3.15]—29all days

Lead day 7target = init + 7 d

permalink

Same sampling as lead day 1. Skill is 1 − MAE ÷ MAE(persistence) on the days both have a value.

Lead day 7, the last 30 days, 12Z, bilinear, sampled daily maximum.
RankModelMAE °FBias °FSkillnvs leader
—ECMWF AIFS Singleaifs_single4.14[3.52, 4.73]−1.01[−1.56, −0.44]+0.52[+0.41, +0.62]vs 8.68 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—Aurora (IFS init)aurora_ifs4.34[3.44, 5.17]−1.13[−1.61, −0.68]+0.50[+0.34, +0.63]vs 8.68 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—ECMWF IFS HRESifs_hres4.82[3.77, 5.83]−1.51[−2.41, −0.68]+0.45[+0.31, +0.57]vs 8.68 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—Pangu-Weather (GFS init)pangu_gfs4.84—+0.08—+0.44—vs 8.57 (n=22)2223 stns
—NCEP GFSgfs4.88[3.97, 5.71]−1.24[−1.97, −0.46]+0.44[+0.31, +0.56]vs 8.68 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—FourCastNet v2 (IFS init)fourcastnet_ifs4.92[4.18, 5.79]−2.40[−2.97, −1.83]+0.43[+0.34, +0.53]vs 8.68 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—Pangu-Weather (IFS init)pangu_ifs4.92[4.21, 5.70]+0.22[−0.24, 0.67]+0.43[+0.30, +0.55]vs 8.68 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—GraphCast (IFS init)graphcast_ifs4.96[3.72, 6.18]−1.91[−2.54, −1.26]+0.43[+0.27, +0.59]vs 8.68 (n=29)2922.9 stns
—FourCastNet v2 (GFS init)fourcastnet_gfs5.09—−2.57—+0.41—vs 8.57 (n=22)2223 stns
—GraphCast (GFS init)graphcast_gfs5.26—−2.85—+0.39—vs 8.57 (n=22)2223 stns
—Aurora (GFS init)aurora_gfs5.70—−3.73—+0.33—vs 8.57 (n=22)2223 stns
—Persistence (baseline)persistence · baseline8.68[7.29, 10.05]+1.55[−0.66, 4.21]—29all days

The same four samples as a daily maximum and minimum

Lead day 1, the last 30 days, 12Z, bilinear. Here the forecast's max/min of the four samples is scored against the observation's max/min of the same four instants. Like for like: whatever the four-sample definition misses, it misses on both sides. The comparison against the true NWS daily extremes is a different question and lives on the station and permanent-link pages.

Sampled daily maximumtmax_s

RankModelMAE °FBias °FSkillnvs leader
—ECMWF AIFS Singleaifs_single1.82[1.62, 2.01]−0.37[−0.52, −0.19]+0.60vs 4.55 (n=29)29
—NCEP GFSgfs2.17[1.95, 2.40]−0.49[−0.70, −0.29]+0.52vs 4.55 (n=29)29
—Pangu-Weather (IFS init)pangu_ifs2.29[2.04, 2.55]+0.20[−0.08, 0.42]+0.50vs 4.55 (n=29)29
—ECMWF IFS HRESifs_hres2.48[2.32, 2.64]−1.47[−1.82, −1.14]+0.45vs 4.55 (n=29)29
—Pangu-Weather (GFS init)pangu_gfs2.51—+0.20—+0.43vs 4.42 (n=23)23
—Aurora (IFS init)aurora_ifs2.54[2.40, 2.73]−1.99[−2.14, −1.86]+0.44vs 4.55 (n=29)29
—GraphCast (GFS init)graphcast_gfs2.54—−1.84—+0.42vs 4.42 (n=23)23
—FourCastNet v2 (GFS init)fourcastnet_gfs2.56—−1.21—+0.42vs 4.42 (n=23)23
—FourCastNet v2 (IFS init)fourcastnet_ifs2.63[2.32, 2.88]−1.38[−1.55, −1.22]+0.42vs 4.55 (n=29)29
—GraphCast (IFS init)graphcast_ifs2.70[2.57, 2.86]−2.06[−2.22, −1.92]+0.41vs 4.55 (n=29)29
—Aurora (GFS init)aurora_gfs2.73—−2.31—+0.38vs 4.42 (n=23)23
—Persistence (baseline)persistence4.55[3.82, 5.25]+0.20[−0.27, 0.65]—29all days

Sampled daily minimumtmin_s

RankModelMAE °FBias °FSkillnvs leader
—Aurora (IFS init)aurora_ifs2.04[1.86, 2.26]−0.70[−0.87, −0.55]+0.46vs 3.75 (n=29)29
—GraphCast (GFS init)graphcast_gfs2.04—+0.32—+0.41vs 3.48 (n=23)23
—Pangu-Weather (GFS init)pangu_gfs2.16—+0.50—+0.38vs 3.48 (n=23)23
—Aurora (GFS init)aurora_gfs2.16—+0.13—+0.38vs 3.48 (n=23)23
—ECMWF IFS HRESifs_hres2.17[1.85, 2.55]−0.48[−0.66, −0.32]+0.42vs 3.75 (n=29)29
—GraphCast (IFS init)graphcast_ifs2.28[2.07, 2.47]−1.15[−1.30, −0.99]+0.39vs 3.75 (n=29)29
—ECMWF AIFS Singleaifs_single2.29[2.01, 2.61]−1.37[−1.73, −1.00]+0.39vs 3.75 (n=29)29
—Pangu-Weather (IFS init)pangu_ifs2.31[2.13, 2.51]−1.10[−1.31, −0.88]+0.38vs 3.75 (n=29)29
—FourCastNet v2 (GFS init)fourcastnet_gfs2.56—−0.58—+0.27vs 3.48 (n=23)23
—FourCastNet v2 (IFS init)fourcastnet_ifs2.56[2.41, 2.72]−0.87[−1.27, −0.41]+0.32vs 3.75 (n=29)29
—NCEP GFSgfs2.87[2.39, 3.39]+1.86[1.21, 2.56]+0.23vs 3.75 (n=29)29
—Persistence (baseline)persistence3.75[3.19, 4.56]+0.28[−0.37, 0.90]—29all days

Every model × every lead day

MAE in °F with the bias and n underneath, the last 30 days, 12Z, bilinear, sampled daily maximum. The sparkline is the same model's MAE across lead days 1–9 on a shared vertical scale.

Modeld1d2d3d4d5d6d7d8d9 lead 1–9
ECMWF AIFS Singleaifs_single1.82−0.37 · n=291.97−0.50 · n=292.12−0.54 · n=292.37−0.54 · n=292.77−0.62 · n=293.35−0.71 · n=294.14−1.01 · n=294.48−0.88 · n=295.18−1.19 · n=29ECMWF AIFS Single MAE by lead day 1 to 9
Aurora (GFS init)aurora_gfs2.73−2.31 · n=233.10−2.54 · n=243.52−2.92 · n=234.00−3.30 · n=234.52−3.58 · n=235.19−3.71 · n=225.70−3.73 · n=226.22−3.88 · n=227.01−4.22 · n=21Aurora (GFS init) MAE by lead day 1 to 9
Aurora (IFS init)aurora_ifs2.54−1.99 · n=292.69−2.11 · n=292.94−2.20 · n=293.16−2.11 · n=293.45−2.02 · n=293.82−1.67 · n=294.34−1.13 · n=294.85−0.89 · n=295.22−0.76 · n=29Aurora (IFS init) MAE by lead day 1 to 9
FourCastNet v2 (GFS init)fourcastnet_gfs2.56−1.21 · n=232.79−1.32 · n=242.92−1.59 · n=233.27−1.67 · n=233.81−1.97 · n=234.36−2.11 · n=225.09−2.57 · n=225.54−3.26 · n=226.10−3.72 · n=21FourCastNet v2 (GFS init) MAE by lead day 1 to 9
FourCastNet v2 (IFS init)fourcastnet_ifs2.63−1.38 · n=292.75−1.41 · n=292.84−1.60 · n=293.16−1.72 · n=293.74−1.96 · n=294.27−2.19 · n=294.92−2.40 · n=295.33−2.36 · n=295.88−2.42 · n=29FourCastNet v2 (IFS init) MAE by lead day 1 to 9
NCEP GFSgfs2.17−0.49 · n=292.41−0.57 · n=292.59−0.50 · n=292.87−0.43 · n=293.55−0.54 · n=293.98−1.19 · n=294.88−1.24 · n=295.84−1.09 · n=296.61−1.06 · n=29NCEP GFS MAE by lead day 1 to 9
GraphCast (GFS init)graphcast_gfs2.54−1.84 · n=232.78−1.94 · n=242.97−2.02 · n=233.27−2.14 · n=233.74−2.37 · n=234.38−2.54 · n=225.26−2.85 · n=226.67−3.46 · n=227.67−3.58 · n=21GraphCast (GFS init) MAE by lead day 1 to 9
GraphCast (IFS init)graphcast_ifs2.70−2.06 · n=292.77−2.07 · n=292.88−2.10 · n=293.02−1.96 · n=293.36−1.89 · n=293.90−1.60 · n=294.96−1.91 · n=295.09−1.86 · n=295.82−2.28 · n=29GraphCast (IFS init) MAE by lead day 1 to 9
ECMWF IFS HRESifs_hres2.48−1.47 · n=292.64−1.60 · n=292.86−1.60 · n=293.23−1.78 · n=293.68−1.90 · n=294.11−1.64 · n=294.82−1.51 · n=294.97−1.47 · n=295.31−1.34 · n=29ECMWF IFS HRES MAE by lead day 1 to 9
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)pangu_gfs2.51+0.20 · n=232.78+0.43 · n=242.95+0.50 · n=233.27+0.51 · n=233.75+0.38 · n=234.13+0.06 · n=224.84+0.08 · n=225.95+0.36 · n=226.66−0.34 · n=21Pangu-Weather (GFS init) MAE by lead day 1 to 9
Pangu-Weather (IFS init)pangu_ifs2.29+0.20 · n=292.51+0.21 · n=292.68+0.23 · n=293.10+0.27 · n=293.57+0.22 · n=294.12+0.21 · n=294.92+0.22 · n=295.15−0.12 · n=295.83−0.09 · n=29Pangu-Weather (IFS init) MAE by lead day 1 to 9
Persistence (baseline)persistence4.55+0.20 · n=296.39+0.42 · n=297.69+0.69 · n=298.19+0.99 · n=298.48+1.15 · n=298.31+1.36 · n=298.68+1.55 · n=298.71+1.74 · n=298.71+2.10 · n=29Persistence (baseline) MAE by lead day 1 to 9

Where the errors are

Both maps show a fixed quantity per station. Neither shows which model wins where: on samples this short the per-station winner is mostly noise, and a map of winners would invite a comparison the data cannot carry.

ECMWF IFS HRES bias

Mean bias of the fixed reference model ECMWF IFS HRES (lead day 1, sampled daily maximum, 30d window, 12Z, bilinear). One model everywhere, so the colours compare stations, not models. Dot area grows with the number of scored days; fill is the mean bias (warm = model too warm, cool = too cold, grey = interval includes zero). The frame is a latitude/longitude graticule on an Albers projection.

Mean bias in °F of ECMWF IFS HRES, lead day 1, sampled daily maximum, 30d window, 12Z, bilinear125°W115°W105°W95°W85°W75°W65°W25°N30°N35°N40°N45°N50°NKATL Atlanta Hartsfield: bias +0.02 °F, n = 29KATL+KAUS Austin Bergstrom: bias −0.95 °F, n = 29KAUS−KBOS Boston Logan: bias −1.82 °F, n = 28KBOS−KDCA Washington Reagan: bias −1.02 °F, n = 29KDCA−KDEN Denver Intl: bias +0.85 °F, n = 29KDEN+KDFW Dallas-Fort Worth: bias −1.54 °F, n = 29KDFW−KEWR Newark Liberty: bias −2.45 °F, n = 29KEWR−KIAH Houston Bush: bias −1.15 °F, n = 29KIAH−KLAS Las Vegas Harry Reid: bias −2.79 °F, n = 29KLAS−KLAX Los Angeles Intl: bias −2.27 °F, n = 29KLAX−KMIA Miami Intl: bias −1.28 °F, n = 29KMIA−KMSP Minneapolis-St Paul: bias −1.10 °F, n = 29KMSP−KMSY New Orleans Intl: bias −2.51 °F, n = 29KMSY−KNYC New York Central Park: bias +1.22 °F, n = 28KNYC+KOKC Oklahoma City: bias −0.94 °F, n = 29KOKC−KORD Chicago O'Hare: bias −2.66 °F, n = 29KORD−KPHL Philadelphia Intl: bias −1.74 °F, n = 29KPHL−KPHX Phoenix Sky Harbor: bias −2.39 °F, n = 29KPHX−KSAN San Diego Lindbergh: bias −4.10 °F, n = 29KSAN−KSAT San Antonio Intl: bias −0.60 °F, n = 29KSAT−KSEA Seattle-Tacoma: bias −1.16 °F, n = 29KSEA−KSFO San Francisco Intl: bias −2.82 °F, n = 29KSFO−KTTN Trenton Mercer: bias −0.57 °F, n = 29KTTN−

Source: CastCheck · station coordinates NWS/NOAA · Albers conic projection · stations.csv. Hover a dot for its numbers.

model too cold interval includes zero model too warm dot area ∝ scored days

ECMWF IFS HRES bias as a table
StationModelMAE °FBias °Fn
KATL Atlanta HartsfieldECMWF IFS HRES1.27+0.0229
KAUS Austin BergstromECMWF IFS HRES1.83−0.9529
KBOS Boston LoganECMWF IFS HRES2.23−1.8228
KDCA Washington ReaganECMWF IFS HRES2.51−1.0229
KDEN Denver IntlECMWF IFS HRES1.98+0.8529
KDFW Dallas-Fort WorthECMWF IFS HRES2.21−1.5429
KEWR Newark LibertyECMWF IFS HRES3.19−2.4529
KIAH Houston BushECMWF IFS HRES2.57−1.1529
KLAS Las Vegas Harry ReidECMWF IFS HRES2.91−2.7929
KLAX Los Angeles IntlECMWF IFS HRES2.98−2.2729
KMIA Miami IntlECMWF IFS HRES2.42−1.2829
KMSP Minneapolis-St PaulECMWF IFS HRES2.59−1.1029
KMSY New Orleans IntlECMWF IFS HRES2.73−2.5129
KNYC New York Central ParkECMWF IFS HRES1.94+1.2228
KOKC Oklahoma CityECMWF IFS HRES2.88−0.9429
KORD Chicago O'HareECMWF IFS HRES2.88−2.6629
KPHL Philadelphia IntlECMWF IFS HRES2.75−1.7429
KPHX Phoenix Sky HarborECMWF IFS HRES2.79−2.3929
KSAN San Diego LindberghECMWF IFS HRES4.10−4.1029
KSAT San Antonio IntlECMWF IFS HRES1.34−0.6029
KSEA Seattle-TacomaECMWF IFS HRES1.48−1.1629
KSFO San Francisco IntlECMWF IFS HRES3.53−2.8229
KTTN Trenton MercerECMWF IFS HRES1.89−0.5729

All-model mean bias

Mean bias averaged over every scored model at each station (lead day 1, sampled daily maximum, 30d window, 12Z, bilinear). A station that is cold for all of them is a station property — elevation, coastline, a grid cell that is partly sea — not a model ranking. Dot area grows with the number of scored days; fill is the mean bias (warm = model too warm, cool = too cold). The frame is a latitude/longitude graticule on an Albers projection.

All-model mean bias in °F, lead day 1, sampled daily maximum, 30d window, 12Z, bilinear125°W115°W105°W95°W85°W75°W65°W25°N30°N35°N40°N45°N50°NKATL Atlanta Hartsfield: bias +1.03 °F, n = 29KATL+KAUS Austin Bergstrom: bias −1.47 °F, n = 29KAUS−KBOS Boston Logan: bias −1.14 °F, n = 28KBOS−KDCA Washington Reagan: bias −0.33 °F, n = 29KDCA−KDEN Denver Intl: bias −0.51 °F, n = 29KDEN−KDFW Dallas-Fort Worth: bias −1.40 °F, n = 29KDFW−KEWR Newark Liberty: bias −1.46 °F, n = 29KEWR−KIAH Houston Bush: bias −1.60 °F, n = 29KIAH−KLAS Las Vegas Harry Reid: bias −2.90 °F, n = 29KLAS−KLAX Los Angeles Intl: bias −2.81 °F, n = 29KLAX−KMIA Miami Intl: bias −0.78 °F, n = 29KMIA−KMSP Minneapolis-St Paul: bias −0.73 °F, n = 29KMSP−KMSY New Orleans Intl: bias −1.70 °F, n = 29KMSY−KNYC New York Central Park: bias +1.94 °F, n = 28KNYC+KOKC Oklahoma City: bias −0.52 °F, n = 29KOKC−KORD Chicago O'Hare: bias −1.54 °F, n = 29KORD−KPHL Philadelphia Intl: bias −0.66 °F, n = 29KPHL−KPHX Phoenix Sky Harbor: bias −1.61 °F, n = 29KPHX−KSAN San Diego Lindbergh: bias −4.43 °F, n = 29KSAN−KSAT San Antonio Intl: bias −0.99 °F, n = 29KSAT−KSEA Seattle-Tacoma: bias −1.12 °F, n = 29KSEA−KSFO San Francisco Intl: bias −2.46 °F, n = 29KSFO−KTTN Trenton Mercer: bias +0.67 °F, n = 29KTTN+

Source: CastCheck · station coordinates NWS/NOAA · Albers conic projection · stations.csv. Hover a dot for its numbers.

model too cold interval includes zero model too warm dot area ∝ scored days

All-model mean bias as a table
StationModelsMAE °FBias °Fn
KATL Atlanta Hartsfield11 models2.11+1.0329
KAUS Austin Bergstrom11 models2.20−1.4729
KBOS Boston Logan11 models2.18−1.1428
KDCA Washington Reagan11 models2.18−0.3329
KDEN Denver Intl11 models2.07−0.5129
KDFW Dallas-Fort Worth11 models1.97−1.4029
KEWR Newark Liberty11 models2.45−1.4629
KIAH Houston Bush11 models2.76−1.6029
KLAS Las Vegas Harry Reid11 models3.19−2.9029
KLAX Los Angeles Intl11 models3.53−2.8129
KMIA Miami Intl11 models1.83−0.7829
KMSP Minneapolis-St Paul11 models2.06−0.7329
KMSY New Orleans Intl11 models2.16−1.7029
KNYC New York Central Park11 models2.36+1.9428
KOKC Oklahoma City11 models2.44−0.5229
KORD Chicago O'Hare11 models1.92−1.5429
KPHL Philadelphia Intl11 models2.36−0.6629
KPHX Phoenix Sky Harbor11 models2.36−1.6129
KSAN San Diego Lindbergh11 models4.50−4.4329
KSAT San Antonio Intl11 models1.68−0.9929
KSEA Seattle-Tacoma11 models2.49−1.1229
KSFO San Francisco Intl11 models3.66−2.4629
KTTN Trenton Mercer11 models1.94+0.6729

Data availability

Each model is scored only over its own available period (2026-01-01 → 2026-10-27); the windows above are therefore not identical across models. Pairwise comparisons on the permanent-link pages use common days only.

ModelPeriodScored daysCoverage
ECMWF AIFS Single2026-08-02 → 2026-10-2787
2026-01-012026-10-27
Aurora (GFS init)2026-01-02 → 2026-10-26250
2026-01-012026-10-27
Aurora (IFS init)2026-01-02 → 2026-10-27241
2026-01-012026-10-27
FourCastNet v2 (GFS init)2026-01-02 → 2026-10-26250
2026-01-012026-10-27
FourCastNet v2 (IFS init)2026-01-02 → 2026-10-27241
2026-01-012026-10-27
NCEP GFS2026-08-02 → 2026-10-2787
2026-01-012026-10-27
GraphCast (GFS init)2026-01-02 → 2026-10-26250
2026-01-012026-10-27
GraphCast (IFS init)2026-01-02 → 2026-10-27256
2026-01-012026-10-27
ECMWF IFS HRES2026-08-02 → 2026-10-2787
2026-01-012026-10-27
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)2026-01-02 → 2026-10-26250
2026-01-012026-10-27
Pangu-Weather (IFS init)2026-01-02 → 2026-10-27241
2026-01-012026-10-27
Persistence (baseline)2026-01-01 → 2026-10-27300
2026-01-012026-10-27

Stations23

full station table
  • KNYC — New York Central Park
  • KEWR — Newark Liberty
  • KPHL — Philadelphia Intl
  • KTTN — Trenton Mercer
  • KBOS — Boston Logan
  • KDCA — Washington Reagan
  • KATL — Atlanta Hartsfield
  • KMIA — Miami Intl
  • KORD — Chicago O'Hare
  • KMSP — Minneapolis-St Paul
  • KDFW — Dallas-Fort Worth
  • KIAH — Houston Bush
  • KAUS — Austin Bergstrom
  • KSAT — San Antonio Intl
  • KMSY — New Orleans Intl
  • KOKC — Oklahoma City
  • KDEN — Denver Intl
  • KPHX — Phoenix Sky Harbor
  • KLAS — Las Vegas Harry Reid
  • KLAX — Los Angeles Intl
  • KSAN — San Diego Lindbergh
  • KSFO — San Francisco Intl
  • KSEA — Seattle-Tacoma