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CastCheck methodology v0.2 · data through 2026-08-30

All stations (mean of daily station errors) · Pangu-Weather (GFS init) · lead day 1

ALL · pangu_gfs · lead 1

Target day = initialization date + 1 day. This page is a permanent link: the numbers change as history accumulates, the address and the methodology version do not.

Scores use the latest model version segment, PANG_v100, starting 2026-08-28 — days before that ran a different version of the model and are excluded rather than silently pooled. Of the scored days, 2 carry a QC flag on the observation.

JSON for this page CSV of the daily errors Cite this page

Every number for this combination

All four windows × both initializations × both interpolations × both variables. Errors are computed in °C and shown in °F; CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval. MAE debiased and skill, debiased remove the constant offset of the window first, so a station that the model always reads a degree too warm is not scored as if it had no skill — compare the two skill columns to see how much of the error is a fixed offset. n QC next to n counts days whose observation carries a QC flag.

VariableInitMethod Windown MAE °F MAE debiased Bias °F RMSE °F ±1 °F±2 °F±3 °F Skill Skill, debiased Period
tmax00Zbilinear30d1 1 QC3.51 [3.51, 3.51]0.00-2.72 [-2.72, -2.72]3.95 [3.95, 3.95]9% [9%, 9%]17%48%-0.11—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinear90d1 1 QC3.51 [3.51, 3.51]0.00-2.72 [-2.72, -2.72]3.95 [3.95, 3.95]9% [9%, 9%]17%48%-0.11—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinear365d1 1 QC3.51 [3.51, 3.51]0.00-2.72 [-2.72, -2.72]3.95 [3.95, 3.95]9% [9%, 9%]17%48%-0.11—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinearall1 1 QC3.51 [3.51, 3.51]0.00-2.72 [-2.72, -2.72]3.95 [3.95, 3.95]9% [9%, 9%]17%48%-0.11—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest30d1 1 QC3.68 [3.68, 3.68]0.00-2.86 [-2.86, -2.86]4.17 [4.17, 4.17]9% [9%, 9%]13%48%-0.16—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest90d1 1 QC3.68 [3.68, 3.68]0.00-2.86 [-2.86, -2.86]4.17 [4.17, 4.17]9% [9%, 9%]13%48%-0.16—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest365d1 1 QC3.68 [3.68, 3.68]0.00-2.86 [-2.86, -2.86]4.17 [4.17, 4.17]9% [9%, 9%]13%48%-0.16—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearestall1 1 QC3.68 [3.68, 3.68]0.00-2.86 [-2.86, -2.86]4.17 [4.17, 4.17]9% [9%, 9%]13%48%-0.16—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear30d2 2 QC4.07 [3.79, 4.36]0.43-3.34 [-3.77, -2.91]4.65 [4.13, 5.11]9% [4%, 13%]20%35%-0.32+0.352026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear90d2 2 QC4.07 [3.79, 4.36]0.43-3.34 [-3.77, -2.91]4.65 [4.13, 5.11]9% [4%, 13%]20%35%-0.32+0.352026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear365d2 2 QC4.07 [3.79, 4.36]0.43-3.34 [-3.77, -2.91]4.65 [4.13, 5.11]9% [4%, 13%]20%35%-0.32+0.352026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinearall2 2 QC4.07 [3.79, 4.36]0.43-3.34 [-3.77, -2.91]4.65 [4.13, 5.11]9% [4%, 13%]20%35%-0.32+0.352026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest30d2 2 QC4.22 [3.96, 4.48]0.45-3.46 [-3.91, -3.01]4.87 [4.32, 5.36]11% [4%, 17%]17%33%-0.37+0.332026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest90d2 2 QC4.22 [3.96, 4.48]0.45-3.46 [-3.91, -3.01]4.87 [4.32, 5.36]11% [4%, 17%]17%33%-0.37+0.332026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest365d2 2 QC4.22 [3.96, 4.48]0.45-3.46 [-3.91, -3.01]4.87 [4.32, 5.36]11% [4%, 17%]17%33%-0.37+0.332026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearestall2 2 QC4.22 [3.96, 4.48]0.45-3.46 [-3.91, -3.01]4.87 [4.32, 5.36]11% [4%, 17%]17%33%-0.37+0.332026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear30d1 1 QC2.37 [2.37, 2.37]0.00-0.17 [-0.17, -0.17]3.01 [3.01, 3.01]26% [26%, 26%]57%74%-0.13—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear90d1 1 QC2.37 [2.37, 2.37]0.00-0.17 [-0.17, -0.17]3.01 [3.01, 3.01]26% [26%, 26%]57%74%-0.13—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear365d1 1 QC2.37 [2.37, 2.37]0.00-0.17 [-0.17, -0.17]3.01 [3.01, 3.01]26% [26%, 26%]57%74%-0.13—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinearall1 1 QC2.37 [2.37, 2.37]0.00-0.17 [-0.17, -0.17]3.01 [3.01, 3.01]26% [26%, 26%]57%74%-0.13—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest30d1 1 QC2.50 [2.50, 2.50]0.00-0.23 [-0.23, -0.23]3.17 [3.17, 3.17]22% [22%, 22%]52%74%-0.20—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest90d1 1 QC2.50 [2.50, 2.50]0.00-0.23 [-0.23, -0.23]3.17 [3.17, 3.17]22% [22%, 22%]52%74%-0.20—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest365d1 1 QC2.50 [2.50, 2.50]0.00-0.23 [-0.23, -0.23]3.17 [3.17, 3.17]22% [22%, 22%]52%74%-0.20—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearestall1 1 QC2.50 [2.50, 2.50]0.00-0.23 [-0.23, -0.23]3.17 [3.17, 3.17]22% [22%, 22%]52%74%-0.20—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear30d2 2 QC2.53 [2.48, 2.58]1.17+0.81 [-0.36, 1.98]3.07 [3.06, 3.09]17% [13%, 22%]43%70%+0.02+0.272026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear90d2 2 QC2.53 [2.48, 2.58]1.17+0.81 [-0.36, 1.98]3.07 [3.06, 3.09]17% [13%, 22%]43%70%+0.02+0.272026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear365d2 2 QC2.53 [2.48, 2.58]1.17+0.81 [-0.36, 1.98]3.07 [3.06, 3.09]17% [13%, 22%]43%70%+0.02+0.272026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinearall2 2 QC2.53 [2.48, 2.58]1.17+0.81 [-0.36, 1.98]3.07 [3.06, 3.09]17% [13%, 22%]43%70%+0.02+0.272026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest30d2 2 QC2.73 [2.67, 2.79]1.21+0.81 [-0.40, 2.03]3.29 [3.20, 3.37]15% [13%, 17%]37%67%-0.05+0.242026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest90d2 2 QC2.73 [2.67, 2.79]1.21+0.81 [-0.40, 2.03]3.29 [3.20, 3.37]15% [13%, 17%]37%67%-0.05+0.242026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest365d2 2 QC2.73 [2.67, 2.79]1.21+0.81 [-0.40, 2.03]3.29 [3.20, 3.37]15% [13%, 17%]37%67%-0.05+0.242026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearestall2 2 QC2.73 [2.67, 2.79]1.21+0.81 [-0.40, 2.03]3.29 [3.20, 3.37]15% [13%, 17%]37%67%-0.05+0.242026-08-29 → 2026-08-30

+ model too warm · − model too cold · bias interval includes zero · ★ lowest MAE · = not distinguishable from the leader · ▼ significantly worse · n < 30 greyed and unranked · CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval.

Daily error, last 90 days

Daily forecast minus observed error in °F for Pangu-Weather (GFS init) at ALL, lead day 1, 00Z bilinear tmax+5+2.50-2.5-52026-08-30: -2.72 °F2026-08-30°F, forecast − observed
Forecast − observed, °F, 00Z bilinear daily maximum. The dashed line is zero; the thick line is a centred 7-day mean, drawn only where the whole window is present. Gaps are days with no score, never interpolation. Hover a point for its date and value.
The same series as a table (1 days, newest first) · download CSV
Climatological dayError °F
2026-08-30-2.72

Error distribution

Distribution of the signed daily error in °F for Pangu-Weather (GFS init) at ALL, lead day 1-5 to -4.5 °F: 0 days-4.5 to -4 °F: 0 days-4 to -3.5 °F: 0 days-3.5 to -3 °F: 0 days-3 to -2.5 °F: 1 day-2.5 to -2 °F: 0 days-2 to -1.5 °F: 0 days-1.5 to -1 °F: 0 days-1 to -0.5 °F: 0 days-0.5 to 0 °F: 0 days0 to 0.5 °F: 0 days0.5 to 1 °F: 0 days1 to 1.5 °F: 0 days1.5 to 2 °F: 0 days2 to 2.5 °F: 0 days2.5 to 3 °F: 0 days3 to 3.5 °F: 0 days3.5 to 4 °F: 0 days4 to 4.5 °F: 0 days4.5 to 5 °F: 0 daysdashed: P50 |e| 2.72 · P90 |e| 2.72 °F-50+5 °Fn = 1 days
All scored days for 00Z bilinear daily maximum, 20 equal bins. The dashed marks are the 50th and 90th percentiles of the absolute error, mirrored on both sides. Hover a bar for its bin and count.
Bin counts as a table
From °FTo °FDays
-5.00-4.500
-4.50-4.000
-4.00-3.500
-3.50-3.000
-3.00-2.501
-2.50-2.000
-2.00-1.500
-1.50-1.000
-1.00-0.500
-0.50+0.000
+0.00+0.500
+0.50+1.000
+1.00+1.500
+1.50+2.000
+2.00+2.500
+2.50+3.000
+3.00+3.500
+3.50+4.000
+4.00+4.500
+4.50+5.000

Month by month

00Z bilinear daily maximum, newest first.

Monthn MAE °FBias °F
2026-0812.72 -2.72

Availability

ModelScored period DaysCoverage
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30 1
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30 1
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2

Compared with other models

Paired bootstrap on the days both models cover (90d, 00Z, bilinear, daily maximum). Negative means Pangu-Weather (GFS init) has the lower MAE. "Distinguishable" means the 95 % interval excludes zero.

Other modelCommon days MAE difference °FDistinguishable
ECMWF AIFS Single 1 +0.43 [0.43, 0.43] yes
Aurora (GFS init) 1 -2.78 [-2.78, -2.78] yes
Aurora (IFS init) 1 -1.56 [-1.56, -1.56] yes
FourCastNet v2 (GFS init) 1 -0.39 [-0.39, -0.39] yes
FourCastNet v2 (IFS init) 1 -0.16 [-0.16, -0.16] yes
NCEP GFS 1 +0.86 [0.86, 0.86] yes
GraphCast (GFS init) 1 -2.44 [-2.44, -2.44] yes
GraphCast (IFS init) 1 -1.76 [-1.76, -1.76] yes
ECMWF IFS HRES 1 +0.21 [0.21, 0.21] yes
Pangu-Weather (IFS init) 1 -0.23 [-0.23, -0.23] yes
Persistence (baseline) 1 +0.34 [0.34, 0.34] yes

Cite this page

ShortCastCheck, ALL pangu_gfs lead 1, methodology v0.2, accessed 2026-08-31, https://castcheck.zifanzhang.com/station/ALL/model/pangu_gfs/lead/1/

LongCastCheck (2026). Station-level verification of raw weather-model 2 m temperature forecasts: ALL (All stations (mean of daily station errors)), model pangu_gfs, lead day 1. Methodology version 0.2, schema version 0.1, data through 2026-08-30. Accessed 2026-08-31. https://castcheck.zifanzhang.com/station/ALL/model/pangu_gfs/lead/1/

Accessed2026-08-31 (data through 2026-08-30; page built 2026-08-31T03:52:06+00:00)

JSON CSV all scores methodology v0.2 licence