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CastCheck methodology v0.2 · data through 2026-08-30

Boston Logan · Pangu-Weather (GFS init) · lead day 1

KBOS · pangu_gfs · lead 1

Target day = initialization date + 1 day. This page is a permanent link: the numbers change as history accumulates, the address and the methodology version do not.

Scores use the latest model version segment, PANG_v100, starting 2026-08-28 — days before that ran a different version of the model and are excluded rather than silently pooled. Of the scored days, 1 carry a QC flag on the observation.

JSON for this page CSV of the daily errors Cite this page

Every number for this combination

All four windows × both initializations × both interpolations × both variables. Errors are computed in °C and shown in °F; CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval. MAE debiased and skill, debiased remove the constant offset of the window first, so a station that the model always reads a degree too warm is not scored as if it had no skill — compare the two skill columns to see how much of the error is a fixed offset. n QC next to n counts days whose observation carries a QC flag.

VariableInitMethod Windown MAE °F MAE debiased Bias °F RMSE °F ±1 °F±2 °F±3 °F Skill Skill, debiased Period
tmax00Zbilinear30d1 1 QC3.50 [3.50, 3.50]0.00-3.50 [-3.50, -3.50]3.50 [3.50, 3.50]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.68—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinear90d1 1 QC3.50 [3.50, 3.50]0.00-3.50 [-3.50, -3.50]3.50 [3.50, 3.50]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.68—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinear365d1 1 QC3.50 [3.50, 3.50]0.00-3.50 [-3.50, -3.50]3.50 [3.50, 3.50]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.68—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Zbilinearall1 1 QC3.50 [3.50, 3.50]0.00-3.50 [-3.50, -3.50]3.50 [3.50, 3.50]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.68—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest30d1 1 QC3.92 [3.92, 3.92]0.00-3.92 [-3.92, -3.92]3.92 [3.92, 3.92]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.64—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest90d1 1 QC3.92 [3.92, 3.92]0.00-3.92 [-3.92, -3.92]3.92 [3.92, 3.92]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.64—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearest365d1 1 QC3.92 [3.92, 3.92]0.00-3.92 [-3.92, -3.92]3.92 [3.92, 3.92]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.64—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax00Znearestall1 1 QC3.92 [3.92, 3.92]0.00-3.92 [-3.92, -3.92]3.92 [3.92, 3.92]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%+0.64—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear30d2 1 QC2.34 [0.70, 3.97]2.34-1.63 [-3.97, 0.70]2.85 [0.70, 3.97]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%+0.64—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear90d2 1 QC2.34 [0.70, 3.97]2.34-1.63 [-3.97, 0.70]2.85 [0.70, 3.97]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%+0.64—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinear365d2 1 QC2.34 [0.70, 3.97]2.34-1.63 [-3.97, 0.70]2.85 [0.70, 3.97]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%+0.64—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Zbilinearall2 1 QC2.34 [0.70, 3.97]2.34-1.63 [-3.97, 0.70]2.85 [0.70, 3.97]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%+0.64—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest30d2 1 QC2.26 [0.27, 4.25]2.26-1.99 [-4.25, 0.27]3.01 [0.27, 4.25]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%+0.61—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest90d2 1 QC2.26 [0.27, 4.25]2.26-1.99 [-4.25, 0.27]3.01 [0.27, 4.25]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%+0.61—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearest365d2 1 QC2.26 [0.27, 4.25]2.26-1.99 [-4.25, 0.27]3.01 [0.27, 4.25]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%+0.61—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmax12Znearestall2 1 QC2.26 [0.27, 4.25]2.26-1.99 [-4.25, 0.27]3.01 [0.27, 4.25]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%+0.61—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear30d1 1 QC4.10 [4.10, 4.10]0.00-4.10 [-4.10, -4.10]4.10 [4.10, 4.10]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-1.05—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear90d1 1 QC4.10 [4.10, 4.10]0.00-4.10 [-4.10, -4.10]4.10 [4.10, 4.10]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-1.05—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinear365d1 1 QC4.10 [4.10, 4.10]0.00-4.10 [-4.10, -4.10]4.10 [4.10, 4.10]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-1.05—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Zbilinearall1 1 QC4.10 [4.10, 4.10]0.00-4.10 [-4.10, -4.10]4.10 [4.10, 4.10]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-1.05—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest30d1 1 QC3.45 [3.45, 3.45]0.00-3.45 [-3.45, -3.45]3.45 [3.45, 3.45]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.72—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest90d1 1 QC3.45 [3.45, 3.45]0.00-3.45 [-3.45, -3.45]3.45 [3.45, 3.45]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.72—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearest365d1 1 QC3.45 [3.45, 3.45]0.00-3.45 [-3.45, -3.45]3.45 [3.45, 3.45]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.72—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin00Znearestall1 1 QC3.45 [3.45, 3.45]0.00-3.45 [-3.45, -3.45]3.45 [3.45, 3.45]0% [0%, 0%]0%0%-0.72—2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear30d2 1 QC2.16 [0.49, 3.84]2.16-1.67 [-3.84, 0.49]2.73 [0.49, 3.84]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%-0.92—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear90d2 1 QC2.16 [0.49, 3.84]2.16-1.67 [-3.84, 0.49]2.73 [0.49, 3.84]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%-0.92—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinear365d2 1 QC2.16 [0.49, 3.84]2.16-1.67 [-3.84, 0.49]2.73 [0.49, 3.84]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%-0.92—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Zbilinearall2 1 QC2.16 [0.49, 3.84]2.16-1.67 [-3.84, 0.49]2.73 [0.49, 3.84]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%-0.92—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest30d2 1 QC2.03 [0.72, 3.34]2.03-1.31 [-3.34, 0.72]2.41 [0.72, 3.34]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%-0.67—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest90d2 1 QC2.03 [0.72, 3.34]2.03-1.31 [-3.34, 0.72]2.41 [0.72, 3.34]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%-0.67—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearest365d2 1 QC2.03 [0.72, 3.34]2.03-1.31 [-3.34, 0.72]2.41 [0.72, 3.34]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%-0.67—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30
tmin12Znearestall2 1 QC2.03 [0.72, 3.34]2.03-1.31 [-3.34, 0.72]2.41 [0.72, 3.34]50% [0%, 100%]50%50%-0.67—2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30

+ model too warm · − model too cold · bias interval includes zero · ★ lowest MAE · = not distinguishable from the leader · ▼ significantly worse · n < 30 greyed and unranked · CI is a 95 % moving-block bootstrap interval.

Daily error, last 90 days

Daily forecast minus observed error in °F for Pangu-Weather (GFS init) at KBOS, lead day 1, 00Z bilinear tmax+5+2.50-2.5-52026-08-30: -3.5 °F2026-08-30°F, forecast − observed
Forecast − observed, °F, 00Z bilinear daily maximum. The dashed line is zero; the thick line is a centred 7-day mean, drawn only where the whole window is present. Gaps are days with no score, never interpolation. Hover a point for its date and value.
The same series as a table (1 days, newest first) · download CSV
Climatological dayError °F
2026-08-30-3.50

Error distribution

Distribution of the signed daily error in °F for Pangu-Weather (GFS init) at KBOS, lead day 1-5 to -4.5 °F: 0 days-4.5 to -4 °F: 0 days-4 to -3.5 °F: 0 days-3.5 to -3 °F: 1 day-3 to -2.5 °F: 0 days-2.5 to -2 °F: 0 days-2 to -1.5 °F: 0 days-1.5 to -1 °F: 0 days-1 to -0.5 °F: 0 days-0.5 to 0 °F: 0 days0 to 0.5 °F: 0 days0.5 to 1 °F: 0 days1 to 1.5 °F: 0 days1.5 to 2 °F: 0 days2 to 2.5 °F: 0 days2.5 to 3 °F: 0 days3 to 3.5 °F: 0 days3.5 to 4 °F: 0 days4 to 4.5 °F: 0 days4.5 to 5 °F: 0 daysdashed: P50 |e| 3.5 · P90 |e| 3.5 °F-50+5 °Fn = 1 days
All scored days for 00Z bilinear daily maximum, 20 equal bins. The dashed marks are the 50th and 90th percentiles of the absolute error, mirrored on both sides. Hover a bar for its bin and count.
Bin counts as a table
From °FTo °FDays
-5.00-4.500
-4.50-4.000
-4.00-3.500
-3.50-3.001
-3.00-2.500
-2.50-2.000
-2.00-1.500
-1.50-1.000
-1.00-0.500
-0.50+0.000
+0.00+0.500
+0.50+1.000
+1.00+1.500
+1.50+2.000
+2.00+2.500
+2.50+3.000
+3.00+3.500
+3.50+4.000
+4.00+4.500
+4.50+5.000

Month by month

00Z bilinear daily maximum, newest first.

Monthn MAE °FBias °F
2026-0813.50 -3.50

Availability

ModelScored period DaysCoverage
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30 1
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)2026-08-30 → 2026-08-30 1
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2
Pangu-Weather (GFS init)2026-08-29 → 2026-08-30 2

Compared with other models

Paired bootstrap on the days both models cover (90d, 00Z, bilinear, daily maximum). Negative means Pangu-Weather (GFS init) has the lower MAE. "Distinguishable" means the 95 % interval excludes zero.

Other modelCommon days MAE difference °FDistinguishable
ECMWF AIFS Single 1 -1.05 [-1.05, -1.05] yes
Aurora (GFS init) 1 -2.04 [-2.04, -2.04] yes
Aurora (IFS init) 1 -1.39 [-1.39, -1.39] yes
FourCastNet v2 (GFS init) 1 -3.17 [-3.17, -3.17] yes
FourCastNet v2 (IFS init) 1 -3.59 [-3.59, -3.59] yes
NCEP GFS 1 +3.05 [3.05, 3.05] yes
GraphCast (GFS init) 1 -1.84 [-1.84, -1.84] yes
GraphCast (IFS init) 1 -1.24 [-1.24, -1.24] yes
ECMWF IFS HRES 1 +3.06 [3.06, 3.06] yes
Pangu-Weather (IFS init) 1 +0.34 [0.34, 0.34] yes
Persistence (baseline) 1 -7.50 [-7.50, -7.50] yes

Cite this page

ShortCastCheck, KBOS pangu_gfs lead 1, methodology v0.2, accessed 2026-08-31, https://castcheck.zifanzhang.com/station/KBOS/model/pangu_gfs/lead/1/

LongCastCheck (2026). Station-level verification of raw weather-model 2 m temperature forecasts: KBOS (Boston Logan), model pangu_gfs, lead day 1. Methodology version 0.2, schema version 0.1, data through 2026-08-30. Accessed 2026-08-31. https://castcheck.zifanzhang.com/station/KBOS/model/pangu_gfs/lead/1/

Accessed2026-08-31 (data through 2026-08-30; page built 2026-08-31T03:52:06+00:00)

JSON CSV all scores methodology v0.2 licence